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Essential Oils as Lures for Invasive Ambrosia Beetles
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Paul E. Kendra, Nurhayat Tabanca, Wayne S. Montgomery, Jerome Niogret, David Owens, Daniel Carrillo
In 2015, while conducting field tests for X. glabratus in a Florida avocado grove, a serendipitous discovery was made. Females of E. nr. fornicatus also appeared to be attracted to the enriched α-copaene lure (Kendra et al., 2015a). More focused evaluations in 2016 demonstrated that α-copaene is equal in attraction to quercivorol and that the combination of semiochemicals results in additive to synergistic increases in trap capture (Figure 18.11) (Kendra et al., 2017). EAG analyses confirmed olfactory chemoreception of both compounds, with a higher response elicited with the combination of volatiles (Figure 18.12). This two-component lure, combining a food attractant with a host attractant, is the most effective lure identified to date for E. nr. fornicatus in Florida, with field longevity of 12 weeks, minimal attraction of non-target ambrosia beetles, and an effective sampling range of ∼30 m (Owens et al., 2018b, 2019). In early 2018, this combination lure was adopted by SAGARPA (Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación) in Mexico in survey programs for both E. nr. fornicatus and X. glabratus in high-risk areas, including ports, international borders, and avocado-production regions (DGSV-CNRF, 2018).
Types of Raw Incense
Published in Kerry Hughes, The Incense Bible, 2014
Alpha-pinene is thought to be one of the main compounds contributing to frankincense’s characteristic fresh and balsamic odor, with gamma-butyrolactones lending strong coumarinic odors. The volatile components of Boswellia serrata essential oil have been found to be about thirty-five different chemical constituents of which alpha-pinene (73 percent) was the predominant constituent. Other monoterpenoids include beta-pinene (2.05 percent), cis-verbenol (1.97 percent), trans-pinocarveol (1.80 percent), borneol (1.78 percent), myrcene (1.71 percent), verbenone (1.71 percent), limonene (1.42 percent), thuja-2,4(10)-diene (1.18 percent) and p-cymene (1.0 percent). One sesquiterpene, alpha-copaene (0.13 percent), has been identified in the essential oil (Kasali et al., 2002).
Chemistry of Syzygium cumini
Published in K. N. Nair, The Genus Syzygium, 2017
The caryophyllane type of sesquiterpenoids, such as β-caryophyllene (55), isocaryophyllene (56), caryophyllene alcohol (57), and β-caryophyllene epoxide (58), has been detected in EOs. Additionally, nine aromadendranes, γ-gurjunene (59), (+)-aromadendrene (60), alloaromadendrene (61), isoaromadendrene V (62), globulol (63), epiglobulol (64), spathulenol (65), viridiflorol (66), and ledol (67), have been detected in EOs of various morphological parts, as shown in Table 6.5. Other sesquiterpenes of the cadinane group, namely, torreyol (68), α-amorphene (69), cadina-1,4-diene (70), calacorene (71), α-muurolene (72), α-muurolol (73), γ-cadinene (74), and δ-cadinene (75), have been reported. Eudesmanes such as eremophilene (76), valencene (77), α-selinene (78), β-selinene (79), and β-eudesmol (80) have been reported. In addition, seven more sesquiterpenes of the farnesene group, α-farnesene (81), cis-α-farnesene (82), β-farnesene (83), cis-β-farnesene (84), cis-farnesol (85), cis-nerolidol (86), and trans-nerolidol (87), have been detected. A bisabolane, β-bisabolol (88), has been detected from fruits. Two copaane sesquiterpenoids, namely, α-ylangene (89) and α-copaene (90), have been found in EOs of leaves and aerial parts, respectively. The leaf EOs have shown the presence of β-elemene (91), β-guaiene (92), and α-himachalene (93), which belong to the elemene, guaiene, and himachalane types of sesquiterpenoids, respectively. Widdrol (96) is a widdrane type of sesquiterpenoids found in fruits. Other sesquiterpenoids, like β-maaliene (97), junipene (98), neocedranol (99), and α-santalol (100), have been reported from different parts of the plant, as shown in Table 6.5.
Comparative antidandruff efficacy of plant extracts prepared from conventional and supercritical fluid extraction method and chemical profiling using GCMS
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Ratish Chandra Mishra, Rosy Kumari, Jaya Parkash Yadav
In C. zeylanicum SFE extract a total of 15 phytochemicals were identified differing in retention time and percentage area (Table 4 and Figure 4). The most abundant compound was cinnamaldehyde or phenylpropanoid with an area of 75.58%. A variety of sesquiterpenes such as β-caryophyllene, α-copaene, α-muurolene, α-humulene or α-caryophyllene, α-cadinene, ß-bisabolene, cubenol, calamenene, muurolol, cadine-1,4-diene were also observed in the sample.
Ethanol extract of Gynura bicolour reduces atherosclerosis risk by enhancing antioxidant capacity and reducing adhesion molecule levels
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Shu-Ling Hsieh, Jinn-Chyi Wang, Yun-Shan Huang, Chih-Chung Wu
Gynura bicolour (Roxb. and Willd.) DC (Asteraceae) is a common vegetable and traditional functional food in Taiwan and the Far East. The fresh leaves of G. bicolour are dark-green and purple on the top and bottom sides, respectively. There are many plant pigments and phytochemicals, including chlorophyll, gallic acid, β-carotene, rutin, anthocyanidin, myricetin, and morin (Wu et al. 2013, 2015). Chen et al. (2012) reported high contents of sesquiterpene compounds such as β-caryophyllene, α-caryophyllene, and α-copaene in G. bicolour (Chen et al. 2012). Previous literature has reported the antioxidant activity of the pigments and flavonoids of leafy vegetables such as chlorophyll A (Sarker and Oba 2019a), chlorophyll B (Sarker, Hossain and Oba 2020), betacyanins (Sarker and Oba 2020a), betaxanthins (Sarker, Oba, et al. 2020), carotenoids (Sarker and Oba 2020b), betalains (Sarker and Oba 2020c), phenolics (Sarker and Oba 2018a), flavonoids (Sarker and Oba 2020d), phenolic acids (Sarker and Oba 2018b), β-carotene (Sarker, Hossain, Iqbal, et al. 2020), rutin (Sarker and Oba 2020e), and myricetin (Sarker and Oba 2019b). Previous literature reported the antioxidant activity of pigments, and flavonoids of leafy vegetables such as flavanols (Sarker and Oba 2020f) and flavanones (Sarker and Oba 2020g). Lu et al. (2010) showed that the above components not only provide G. bicolour with its pigmentation but also may have physiologic effects. Previous studies have shown that water extracts of G. bicolour have anti-inflammatory (Wu et al. 2013) and antioxidant effects (Krishnan et al. 2015), promote iron bioavailability (Wu et al. 2015), exert anticancer (Teoh et al. 2016) and hepatoprotective effects (Yin et al. 2017), promote hypoglycaemia (Pai et al. 2019), protective of skin’s photodamage (Li et al. 2020), and decrease serum cholesterol levels (Hsieh et al. 2020). Because G. bicolour has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and serum cholesterol-lowering effects, the potential of G. bicolour to prevent atherosclerosis is worthy of investigation.