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Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sawsan A. Oran, Arwa Rasem Althaher, Mohammad S. Mubarak
Lignans are secondary metabolites comprised of two phenylpropanoid units joined by a C-C bond between the C8 and C8′ carbon atoms of the side chain, whereas neolignans are made up of two phenilpropanoid units linked by a connection other than a C8-C8 bond. Erythro-(7S,8R)-guaiacylglycerol—O-4′-dihydroconiferyl alcohol, erythro-(7S,8R)-guaiacylglycerol—coniferyl aldehyde ether, erythro-(7S,8R)-guaiacylglycerol (7R,8S)-guaiacylglycerol—O-4′-dihydroconiferyl alcohol, threo-1,2-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -1,3-propandiol, ceplignan, ficusal, ent-cedrusin, dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, and balanophonin, were described in the hazelnut shells (Masullo et al., 2017).
Nasal Cavity Carcinogens: Possible Routes of Metabolic Activation
Published in D. V. M. Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
Stephen S. Hecht, Andre Castonguay, Dietrich Hoffmann
Workers exposed to wood dust, especially those in the furniture industry, face an increased risk for cancer of the nasal cavity (see Chapter 5, Volume I). However, at present we do not know the nature of the tumorigenic agent(s) in wood dust. Schoental and Gibbard240 hypothesized that methoxylation of certain lignin compounds with an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde group such as coniferyl aldehyde (1), (Figure 16) and sinapaldehyde (2) may lead to tumorigenic agents. Therefore, the authors synthesized 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamaldehyde (3) as a representative compound and injected it into six male rats at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Of the four rats surviving 17 months after treatment, two developed carcinoma of the nasal cavity. Although this finding needs to be confirmed, it remains an important observation.
Possible effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on the blood–brain barrier in Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
The leptomeninges are in front to defend the CNS against infection [27]. P. gingivalis LPS can activate the leptomeninges/choroid plexus, which is formed at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) and induce microglia-mediated neuroinflammation [28,29]. The leptomeninges also serve as an important route for transduction of inflammatory signals from macrophages to microglia by secreting proinflammatory mediators during exposure to P. gingivalis LPS [28]. Macrophages activated by P. gingivalis markedly induced production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in leptomeningeal cells [28]. Wang et al. [30] reported that in leptomeningeal cells P. gingivalis-induced reactive oxygen species, activated JAK2 and regulated production of inflammatory cytokines through c-Jun. A JAK2 inhibitor (coniferyl aldehyde) suppressed the pro-inflammatory reactions exerted by P. gingivalis-stimulated macrophages [30]. The JAK2/STAT3 axis in hippocampal neurons has been suggested as a novel target in the therapy of patients with AD [31].
Anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects of an aqueous extract of Cinnamomi ramulus on MH7A rheumatoid arthritis-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes through induction of apoptosis, cell arrest and suppression of matrix metalloproteinase
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Jia Liu, Qing Zhang, Ruo-Lan Li, Shu-Jun Wei, Yong-Xiang Gao, Li Ai, Chun-Jie Wu, Xu-Feng Pu
UPLC-QE-MS/MS was used to analyse the freeze-dried powder of ACR, as shown in the materials and methods section. Figure 11 showed the MS total ion chromatograms (TIC) provided by analysis of the ACR in positive ionization modes. To qualitatively investigate the main constituents of ACR, we confirmed the identity of the analyte by comparing individual retention times (tR), online MS spectra and reference standards in the literature. Peaks 1–9 were unequivocally identified as anisic acid, coumarin, 2-methoxycinnamic acid, coniferyl aldehyde, azelaic acid, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, 4-methoxy-cinnamaldehyde and benzyl cinnamate, respectively. Reference standards were used to confirm the retention times, accurate mass and fragment ions. Tentatively identified compounds in the ACR (Figure 11) and the main parameters supporting their identification are presented in Table 2.