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Nigella sativa Encapsulated Nano-Scaffolds and Their Bioactivity Significance
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Mohammed Asadullah Jahangir, Abdul Muheem, Syed Sarim Imam, Farhan Jalees Ahmed, Mohd. Aqil
An antioxidant activity of N. sativa oil (NSO) on the antioxidant enzyme status and myocardium of cyclosporine-A-treated rats was investigated (Muheem et al., 2017). Prophylactic administration of NSO reduced the cyclosporine A induced heart injury in the rat, evident by cardiac histopathology, decreased lipid peroxidation (LPO) level, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme status (Ebru et al., 2008). Ismail et al. studied the therapeutic effects of thymoquinone rich fraction (TQRF) and TQ in both nano and conventional emulsions forms on LPO, total antioxidant status, antioxidants genes expression, memory deficit and soluble β-amyloid (Aβ) levels in high-fat cholesterol diet (HFCD) fed rats for 6 months. Supplementation of TQRF nanoemulsion could improve memory deficit, LPO, and soluble Aβ level and ameliorated the total antioxidant status and antioxidants genes expression levels (Ismail et al., 2017). HFCD or streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were exploited to study the effects of alone and concurrent supplementation of natural nano-sized clinoptilolite (NCLN) and Nigella sativa (NS) on anti-oxidative parameters and body weight (BW). The HFD or STZ induced diabetic rats were divided into four different groups viz., diabetic control (Group 1), NS 1%/food (Group 2), NCLN 2%/food (Group 3), NS 1%/food + NCLN 2%/food (Group 4), normal control (Group 5). Administration of NCLN and NCLN+NS for 7 weeks, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level compared to the diabetic control. Moreover, in the untreated diabetic control and NS groups, the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was increased when compared to the normal control group. Additionally, the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased in the NS+NCLN group in comparison to the NS and NCLN groups (p < 0.01). It was concluded that discrete supplementation of NS and NCLN produced more efficient anti-oxidative effects when compared to the combined supplementation of NS and NCLN (Omidi et al., 2017). Table 7.3 describes about various antioxidant studies, which has been conducted on N. sativa extract or TQ loaded nanoformulation such as nanoemulsion, nanoparticles, etc.
Effect of zeolite on absorption and distribution of heavy metal concentrations in roots and shoots of wheat under soil contaminated with weapons
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ali Azogh, Seyed Keyvan Marashi, Teimour Babaeinejad
Zeolite was washed with distilled water and air-dried after being prepared from Afrand Toska Company (Tehran, Iran) then passed through a 1 mm sieve. The characteristics of zeolite are shown in Table 2. Its mineralogy was performed using X-ray diffraction method and it showed that more than 75% of the zeolite used is made of pure clinoptilolite. In this experiment, plastic pots made of PVC (60 cm height and 20 cm diameter) were used. The pots were filled with two types of contaminated and non-contaminated soils with the weight of 10 kg. In each pot, 10 seeds were planted and after germination, the seedlings were thinned to five plants per pot. After mixing zeolite based on the type of soil treatment, the soils maintained separately in constant temperature and humidity for two weeks and then were added to the pots. In this experiment, 24 pots were used.
Biologically active toxin identified from Artemisia annua against lesser mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Marziyeh Oftadeh, Jalal Jalali Sendi, Asgar Ebadollahi
Despite the benefits mentioned, the major problem with the use of this and other essential oils is their chemical instability in the presence of air, light, moisture, and high temperatures that can determine the rapid evaporation and degradation of some active components (Natrajan et al. 2015). So, to protect the useful properties of essential oils against environmental factors, the production of novel stable formulations are a prerequisite. By choosing a suitable formulation, the sustenance and controlled release of the essential oils is achievable. Both conventional liquid or solid systems as controlled-release systems can be considered for formulated pesticides (Ormancey et al.2001, Wang 2007, Pavoni et al. 2019). The formulation process may vary greatly according to the methods and materials used for encapsulation, but it is important that botanicals must be formulated for use in experiments, rather than used in the raw state. The benefits of using mesoporous materials with channels as well as very specific levels and voluminous pores have made them a viable option for enclosing biological molecules for storage stability and targeted use of emissions (Suman et al. 2010, Kumar et al. 2017). The range sizes of Mesoporous silica materials pore are between 2 and 50 nm that attracted widespread attention for chemical functionality, and mesoporous structure. These nanoparticles are immensely stable, less toxic, and applied for the remediation of environmental pollutants like to remove heavy metals and radioactive compounds into the water. These are used as a drug delivery vehicle for medical and veterinary treatments and as pesticides in agriculture and recently to increase the stability of essential oils as a pesticide against pests (Ebadollahi et al.2017, Jeelani et al.2020). Clinoptilolite, with the most frequency among natural zeolite, is produced in large sedimentary deposits with high purity in all the world (Coruh et al. 2010). Another mesoporous material MCM-41, with an extensive spectrum of pore diameters between 1.5 and 10.0 nm has many applications in biology, catalysis, chemical industry, energy, environment, medicine, purification, and separation. (Xiao et al. 2002, Xu et al. 2008). The other best technique to improve the physical stability of EOs, protect them from evaporation and enhance EOs bioactivity is encapsulation in different colloidal systems like nanoemulsions, also these formulations with smaller quantities of toxic substance could be used more effectively in pest control (Sugumar et al.2014, Adak et al.2020).