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Environmental Inhaled Agents and Their Relation to Lung Cancer
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Chromate workers have long been reported to have an increased incidence of lung cancer (Frank, 1982). Chromium is mainly used in the production of pigments and alloys, and the risk is mainly evident in chromate workers including chromate pigment workers, and less definite with ferrochromium alloy workers (Langard et al., 1980; Langard and Vigander, 1983). The hexavalent compounds appear to be the most frequently implicated for carcinogenicity (Frank, 1982).
Occupational nail diseases
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Deepika Pandhi, Vandana Kataria
Nearly all forms of hand eczema begin with disruption of the stratum corneum barrier.31 Thus, initial management usually aims at maintenance and restoration of the barrier and controlling the inflammation. In the prevention of occupational hand dermatitis, the “3-step occupational skin protection concept” includes skin cleansers and skin care products, in addition to barrier creams.32 The latter are meant as post-exposure products that help to restore the physiological epidermal skin barrier. Barrier creams share some common characteristics with emollients and moisturizers that are used to maintain healthy skin and nail unit. Barrier creams are designed to diminish the irritant impact of the known key factors of skin irritation that are related to wet work, namely, hand washing and exposure to hot water or detergents and other mild irritants. Thus, barrier creams are intended to be applied prior to procedures and exposures that have irritant potential. This would prevent subsequent eczema and associated nail dystrophy. The variation in incidence of cement eczema between Europe and developing countries like India may be attributed to the development of legislation in a European country like Denmark, that down-regulated the content of hexavalent chromate in cement causing contact dermatitis.33 This highlights the need of such legislative acts to regulate exposure of chromate or any other potential allergens in the causation of occupational ACD.
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Chromium is a heavy metal that is commonly used in industrial processes such as leather tanning operations, metal processing, stainless steel welding, chromate production, and chrome pigment production. When chromium was exposed, it also strongly accumulated in the interstitial cells in rat testis.231 Chromium may also be a Leydig cell toxicant. Exposure to hexavalent chromium (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg BW/day) for 90 days reduced Leydig cell numbers, downregulated Hsd3b1, and decreased testosterone levels.240 In vitro treatment of chromium to TM3 Leydig cells inhibited steroid production in these Leydig cells.241,242
Assessment of trace element toxicity in surface water of a fish breeding river in Bangladesh: a novel approach for ecological and health risk evaluation
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md. Refat Jahan Rakib, Yeasmin Nahar Jolly, Bilkis Ara Begum, Tasrina Rabia Choudhury, Konika Jannat Fatema, Md. Saiful Islam, Mir Mohammad Ali, Abubakr M. Idris
The mean concentration of Cd was observed in surface water samples (0.032 mg/L in wet season and 0.04 mg/L in dry season) (Table 2). Slightly higher Cd level was found in dry season which might be due to the variation in water capacity of the river where low water flow in dry season resulted the precipitation of the TEs in water; thereby increasing its concentration (Islam et al. 2014). The dissolved Cr concentration varies from 0.001 to 0.006 mg/L during wet season and 0.019–0.167 mg/L during dry season (Table 2). The highest Cr concentration was obtained at SW4 site for both the season, presumably as a result of the effects from tannery and dyeing industries (Arias-Barreiro et al. 2010). The chromium enrichment of surface water can have been caused by two reasons: (1) natural: concentration of Cr-bearing minerals; and (2) anthropogenic: industrial activities such as tanneries and textile factories which are discharging Cr-based oxidants (chromate, dichromate, etc.) (Facetti et al. 1998). Consequently, the waste discharged from such industries is responsible for elevated Cr level in river water (Mohiuddin et al. 2011, Islam et al.2014).
Hexavalent chromium and stomach cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Mina Suh, Daniele Wikoff, Loren Lipworth, Michael Goodman, Seneca Fitch, Liz Mittal, Caroline Ring, Deborah Proctor
The risk of cancer associated with occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has been studied for over 100 years, in hundreds of studies, from a wide spectrum of industries (IARC 1990, 2012; NIOSH 2013). Among workers in certain industries, such as chromate production, pigment production, and chrome plating, a significant increase in lung cancer risk has long been recognized (IARC 1990; OSHA 2006; ATSDR 2012; NIOSH 2013; Proctor et al. 2014). Cr(VI) is classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC’s conclusion is based on sufficient evidence in humans that Cr(VI) compounds cause cancer of the lung, and positive associations observed with cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses (IARC 2012). IARC indicated, “There is little evidence that exposure to chromium(VI) causes stomach or other cancers” (IARC 2012). However, recent reviews and meta-analyses report conflicting findings. Two of those meta-analyses found no evidence of an association between stomach cancer and Cr(VI) exposure (Cole and Rodu 2005; Gatto et al. 2010), but a more recent meta-analysis reported a significantly greater risk of stomach cancer in Cr(VI)-exposed workers (Welling et al. 2015). Each meta-analysis used different inclusion criteria, and only Cole and Rodu (2005) considered socioeconomic status (SES) and study quality. Interestingly, Cole and Rodu (2005) reported a significantly decreased risk of stomach cancer in studies that adjusted for SES (Meta-SMR: 82, CI: 69–96), but a significantly increased risk in studies that did not consider differences in SES (Meta-SMR: 137, CI: 123–153).
The role of eugenol in the prevention of chromium-induced acute kidney injury in male albino rats
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Chromium (Cr) is a heavy metal that has several valence states; the most common one is the hexavalent chromium (CrVI), that is widely used in industries, e.g. leather tanning, stainless steel manufacturing, chrome plating (chromates added as anticorrosive agents to paints, primers, and other surface coatings), welding and wood preservation.1,2 CrVI can also be found in drinking water and in public water systems.3 Environmental and/or occupational exposure to CrVI-containing compounds is known to be toxic and carcinogenic to human beings and animals.4 A major adverse effect of chromium poisoning is nephrotoxicity due to chromium excretion through the kidney, this increases its chromium content and subsequently, nephropathy occurs.5 The toxic manifestations of chromium are considered to be due to oxidative stress.6,7 leading to serious damage to the vital organs.8,9