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Chlortetracycline
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Chlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic (the first tetracycline to be identified) isolated from an actinomycete named Streptomyces aureofaciens. The designated name of this microorganism and that of the isolated drug, Aureomycin, derive from their golden color. Chlortetracycline is currently used in the manufacturing of medicated animal feeds and as antibacterial agent in eye ointments. In pharmaceutical products, chlortetracycline is employed as chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CAS number 64-72-2, EC number 200-591-7, molecular formula C22H24Cl2N2O8), probably as an ointment for eye infections only (1).
Antiseptics, antibiotics and chemotherapy
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
The tetracycline antibiotics were developed from systematic screening of soil samples collected from many parts of the world. The sources were Streptomyces species, S. aureofaciens and S. rimosus. The first of the group introduced to clinical practice was Chlortetracycline in 1948. Then in 1950 came Oxytetracycline and tetracycline in 1952.
Experimental Induction of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Mice in sets of 10 are irradiated in individual sections of a lucite box 20 × 20 × 5 cm. The animals are equidistant from a 60Co source of irradiation. Aside from treatment with chlortetracycline, as described above, no special measures are required to ensure a high rate of survival (Fig. 2). Following irradiation, serial studies may be made for periods up to 1 year (Adamson et al., 1970b).
Selected strategies to fight pathogenic bacteria
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Aiva Plotniece, Arkadij Sobolev, Claudiu T. Supuran, Fabrizio Carta, Fredrik Björkling, Henrik Franzyk, Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma, Koen Augustyns, Paul Cos, Linda De Vooght, Matthias Govaerts, Juliana Aizawa, Päivi Tammela, Raivis Žalubovskis
A large number of antibacterial tetracyclines, produced as secondary metabolites by the genus Streptomyces, have been isolated and characterised since the discovery of chlortetracycline 80 years ago4. The widely used tetracycline class of antibiotics has led to a reduced efficacy against pathogenic bacteria due to development of drug resistance5. Eravacycline (Scheme 1) is a synthetic, tetracycline-class antibiotic that has been developed for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, e.g. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae species6. Eravacycline was approved by FDA in 2018. The four-step synthesis route of this 7-fluorotetracycline involves a tandem Michael addition and Dieckmann cyclisation as key steps (Scheme 1). This facile synthesis route also enables preparation of tetracycline libraries for further structure-activity studies.
The safety of antimicrobials for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2020
Carla Bastida, Dolors Soy, Antoni Torres
Tetracycline antimicrobials exhibit a broad spectrum of activity against numerous pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as atypical organisms, and are used in the management of several infectious diseases. They were first obtained naturally from different species of Streptomyces spp. (i.e. chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and demeclocycline). Later, semi-synthetic tetracyclines were developed (i.e. lymecycline, methacycline, minocycline, rolitetracycline, and doxycycline), with doxycycline and minocycline currently the most frequently prescribed. Subsequent research and modifications within the four core rings of tetracyclines has led to the development of new analogs, including tigecycline (a glycylcycline), eravacycline (a fluorocycline), and omadacycline (an aminomethylcycline) [52]. The most recent agent to be approved for this antimicrobial class was omadacycline [53], which is indicated for the treatment of adults with CAP. Both oral and intravenous formulations are available, and it shares the mechanism of action and PK characteristics of the class. Table 3 provides an overview of the classification of tetracyclines by their PK properties and spectrum of activity [54,55].
Toxicity and antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles in swine sperms
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
Francisco Pérez-Duran, Laura Susana Acosta-Torres, Paloma Netzayeli Serrano-Díaz, Irma Arcelia Toscano-Torres, Ingrid Brenda Olivo-Zepeda, Edwin García-Caxin, Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
Sperm capacitation was analyzed by chlortetracycline assay (CTC assay) in sperm exposed to 2 or 10 mM AgNP. Fluorescence patterns were analyzed as previously described and classified as follows: capacitation (C), non-capacitation (NC) and acrosome reaction (AR). No significant changes were observed with 2 mM AgNPs compared with untreated sperms. But, capacitated sperms significantly increased when sperm was treated with 10 mM of AgNPs. Moreover, at both concentrations non-capacitated sperms decreased significantly compared to the control group (Figure 6).