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Hazard Characterization and Dose–Response Assessment
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
The chlorpyrifos risk assessment used a biologically based dose–response model that incorporated both the toxicokinetics of chlorpyrifos and its toxicodynamics in terms of cholinesterase inhibition. However, the daily intake of chlorpyrifos has been estimated at less than 11 ng/kg/d in adults and 3.4 ng/kg/d in children. In 3-year-old children, the greatest reduction in cholinesterase activity for typical dietary intake was 0.001%. In addition, the intakes were too low for genetic or lifestyle variations in sensitivity to have an effect.207,208
Gastrointestinal Tract Development and Its Importance in Toxicology
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Alma M. Feldpausch, Joseph V. Rodricks, Rosalind A. Schoof, Brittany A. Weldon
Direct effects of a number of pesticides on the microbiome of the intestine have been reported. Although, most of these studies have not involved investigation of effects on host health. An in vitro GI tract model inoculated with adult human feces was used to evaluate effects of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos on the gut microbiome (Joly et al., 2013; Reygner et al., 2016; Tirelli et al., 2007). In these studies, chlorpyrifos exposure contributed to increased membrane permeability and temporary changes in bacterial community structure and function. Gao et al. (2017) appear to provide the first report of a pesticide altering the structure and function of the gut microbiome in an animal model. In this novel study, an organophosphate concentration of 4 mg/L over 13 weeks resulted in sex-specific effects and suggested a potential for gut influences on neurotoxicity at doses below those associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, dichlorvos, and malathion are organophosphate insecticides. Piperophos is an organophosphate herbicide. An in vitro human androgen receptor screening assay showed that chlorpyrifos and piperophos are potent androgen receptor antagonists.190 In vitro treatment of piperophos and chlorpyrifos decreased testosterone secretion and downregulated Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Hsd17b3, and Star in rat Leydig cells.190 Chlorpyrifos also decreased in LH-stimulated stimulated cAMP production.190
Recent advances in electrochemical and optical sensing of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos: a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Athira Sradha S, Louis George, Keerthana P, Anitha Varghese
Chlorpyrifos (CP) (O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)phosphorothionate is a chlorinated organophosphorothionate insecticide, acaricide, and miticide that has been widely used in agricultural and nonagricultural areas since 1965 (Koshlukova and Reed 2014). It is widely used to curb agricultural, structural and even indoor pests. Since its introduction as an insecticide in 1966 by the Dow Chemical Company, it has been used in the US and many other countries to combat a wide array of insects on many crops like corn, tree nuts, soybeans, and citrus plants, etc. Due to its limitations, several countries like EU have recently banned the use of chlorpyrifos for agricultural purposes. In addition, it has been used as a mosquitocide and as impregnated in ear tags for cattle (Smegal and Assessor 2000). Its sales peaked in the 1990s and it topped as the most commonly used active ingredient in organophosphate insecticides in the year 2007 (Grube et al. 2006). Figure 1 explains the chemical structure of chlorpyrifos.
Neuro-protective potential of quercetin during chlorpyrifos induced neurotoxicity in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Simranjeet Kaur, Neha Singla, D. K. Dhawan
Human exposure to chlorpyrifos is mainly via food, water, soil, and air (Harnpicharnchai et al.2013, Jantunen et al.2015). Chlorpyrifos has been reported to cause several neurological, respiratory, reproductive, digestive, and circulatory disorders (Lowe et al.2009, Uzun and Kalender, 2013, Mullins et al.2015). Earlier reports have revealed that CPF induces oxidative stress in biological system by interfering with cellular proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates (Goel et al.2000, Goel et al.2006, Singh and Panwar, 2014). Chlorpyrifos exposure can also lead to disruption in the structural and functional integrity of cellular system (Parran et al.2005, Mullins et al.2015). It can cross blood-brain barrier and therefore makes the brain more vulnerable to free radicals onslaught that further induces oxidative injury (Li and Ehrich 2013). Recently, studies have shown that CPF exposure to animals can cause cognitive impairment and motor dysfunctioning (Ambali and Ayo 2012, López-Granero et al.2016). Chlorpyrifos has been reported to induce neurotoxicity mainly by inhibiting the activity of enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which further leads to disruption of neurotransmission (Wang et al.2014).
Effect of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos exposure on oxidative stress and quality of Salmo coruhensis spermatozoa
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Filiz Kutluyer, Mehmet Kocabaş, Mine Erişir, Fulya Benzer
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus pesticide and a broad-spectrum organic insecticide, arachnicide and termiticide (Brandt et al. 2015, Adedara et al. 2016). In addition, CPF is classified as highly toxic pesticide. The pesticide has long-range environmental transport and rapidly degraded in nature. It cause to behavioral, neurological, oxidative, histopathological, endocrine effects and autoimmune disorders at low concentrations (EPA 2000, Deb and Das 2013, Rivadeneira et al. 2013). Though the use of CPF has been banned in many countries, it is still used for pest control in several countries, including Turkey (Solomon et al. 2014; Dow Agro Sciences 2017) and, often detected in surface waters. CPF may enter surface to water bodies through forest-spraying procedures, accidental overspray, agricultural use, run-off and drainage (Kamaladevi et al. 2016). As such, aquatic organisms, such as fish, freshwater mussels and zooplankton species, are exposed to CPF (De Silva and Samayawardhena 2006). The chlorpyrifos lethal dose (LC50) value for rainbow trout was defined as 9 µg/L (USEPA 1986). Especially, salmon-bearing waterways are affected by CPF (Maryoung et al. 2015). Salmonids are sensitive to natural and anthropogenic alterations of their habitats (Maryoung et al. 2014). Salmo coruhensis is an endemic anadromus fish and only distributed in the rivers of Eastern Black Sea Region (Kocabaş and Bascinar 2013). In the present study, we used S. coruhensis, as it plays a key role in aquatic environments.