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The Effects of Pharmaceuticals, Environmental, and Occupational Agents on Sperm Motility
Published in Claude Gagnon, Controls of Sperm Motility, 2020
Kepone (chlordecone) is an organochlorine insecticide. During the 1970s, 133 employees of a chlordecone manufacturing plant in Virginia suffered a previously unrecognized clinical illness, characterized by nervousness, tremor, weight loss, pleuritic and joint pain, and oligozoosprmia with mostly abnormal and immotile sperm.176,177 Treatment with cholestyramine aided their recovery following cessation of exposure, and increased sperm density was also observed.178
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Chlordecone (Kepone): Kepone (Figure 7.15) is a pesticide that is chemically closely related to mirex. Most of the kepone produced in the United States has been exported to control agricultural pests. Inadequate control during manufacturing led to many poisonings and large-scale environmental contamination.138 The James River, which leads into the Chesapeake Bay, was the site of a disaster. A large amount of kepone was dumped into the James River, contaminating much of its sea life and leading to a ban on fishing. Positive levels of kepone were found in the blood of humans living within a mile of the plant.139 The half-life of kepone may be ∼96 days (63–1148),140 but this life span may depend on the amount stored in fat. Kepone may be metabolized through oxidation to alcohols and conjugation with glucuronic acids. Chronic problems associated with kepone poisoning include neurological, hepatic, and hormonal abnormalities. Kepone is carcinogenic in animals and potentially so in humans. Oral administration of cholestyramine (an ion exchange resin) for a month has been found to reduce the blood half-life by 50% in poisoned workers.1216
Neurotoxicity of Pesticides
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Matthew C. Keifer, Jordan Firestone
One organochlorine known as chlordecone (kepone) was responsible for an epidemic of poisonings at a manufacturing plant in Hopewell, Virginia, in the late 1970s. These cases included workers as well as some of their spouses. Neurological symptoms included nervousness, tremor, and opsoclonus.3 The toxicological mechanism of chlordecone is similar to that of the cyclodienes. The half-life of the chemical in blood is in the order of 165 days, but this can be foreshortened with the used of cholestyramine. Subsequent evaluation six years after initial diagnosis suggested that symptoms abated with reduction of blood levels of the pesticide.4
The pro-convulsant effects of diazinon low dose in male rats under amygdala kindling
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Fatemeh Saberi, Farideh Bahrami, Mehdi Saberi, Mahdi Mashhadi Akbar Boojar
The S5D increment following DZ treatment confirms the prolonged myoclonus convulsion, a reflex of the extended involvement of the brain cortex (Saberi et al. 2008). Albertson and coworkers have shown that chlorinated insecticides such as dichloro-diphenyl- trichloroethane (DDT) and chlordecone (Kepone) had no effect on amygdala kindling acquisition and they could only induce tremor in the animals (Albertson et al. 1985). On the other hand, other compounds such as lindane (Gamma benzene hexachloride) and endosulfan have induced myoclonus and epileptic seizures in rats by reduction of the stimulation threshold (Mladenović et al. 2010, Raj et al. 2013). Of course, these agents act via binding to GABAA receptors and they block the GABA inhibitory effect (disinhibition process) (Islam and Lynch 2012, Kumar et al. 2016).
Veterinary utility of dried blood spots for detailed analysis of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Andreas F. Lehner, Lauren Stensen, Alan Zimmerman, Adam Bush, John Buchweitz
Organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and its derivatives (4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [4,4′-DDD] and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [4,4′-DDE]), lindane, hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are of particular concern due to their highly bioaccumulative properties and toxicities (Chopra, et al 2011). These chemicals persist in nature, biomagnify in the food web, and impose toxic effects in marine and other organisms (El-Shahawi et al. 2010). The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has issued recommendations aimed at restricting and eliminating highly dangerous, long-lasting chemicals, and of 21 listed chemicals, 14 are chlorinated pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, lindane and its alpha- and beta-isomers, mirex, pentachlorobenzene and toxaphene), with the remainder including PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS-F) (Stockholm Convention Factsheet 2011).
Veterinary utility of dried blood spots for analysis of toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Andreas F. Lehner, Margaret Johnson, John Buchweitz
With regards to the environment, organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and its derivatives (4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [4,4′-DDD] and 4,4′-DDE), lindane, hexachlorobenzene and PCBs are of great concern due to their highly bioaccumulative properties and toxicities (Chopra et al. 2011). These chemicals persist in nature, biomagnify in the food web, and impose toxic effects in marine and other organisms (El-Shahawi et al. 2010). As of 2011, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has endeavored to restrict and eliminate highly dangerous, long-lasting chemicals from the environment, and of 21 chemicals listed by the agency, 14 are chlorinated pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, lindane and its alpha- and beta-isomers, mirex, pentachlorobenzene and toxaphene), with the remainder including PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, brominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS-F) (Stockholm Convention Factsheet 2011).