China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Chloramphenicol disturbs protein synthesis and is bacteriostatic. It is rarely used today and is not recommended for use in pregnant women, but no scientific evidence suggests that it is teratogenic. The frequency of birth defects was not increased among 100 infants exposed to chloramphenicol in the first trimester (Heinonen et al., 1977). Among 6024 infants whose mothers used chloramphenicol for ophthalmologic indications, no increased frequency of birth defects was found (Thomseth et al., 2015). The ‘gray baby syndrome’ (cyanosis, vascular collapse, and death) was associated with chloramphenicol in premature neonates given large systemic doses of this drug. Although chloramphenicol does cross the placenta (Scott and Warner, 1950), gray baby syndrome in the fetus or newborn is relatively rare (Landers et al., 1983), and is apparently a dose-related complication. Perhaps the most clinically significant of potential adverse maternal effects (see Box 2.11) is aplastic anemia, which is relatively rare, occurring among approximately one in 100,000 cases.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Joel J. Kirschbaum, Adorjan Aszalos
Chloramphenicol is an antibacterial and antirickettsial agent. Hydrolysis products were resolved using an octadecylsilane column, a water-methanolacetic acid (55: 45:1) mobile phase flowing at 1 ml/min, and detection at 254 nm [425].
Severe Tick-Borne Infections and Their Mimics in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Praveen Sudhindra, Gary P. Wormser
Doxycycline 100 mg administered intravenously every 12 hours should be instituted without delay when RMSF is suspected (with consideration of a 200-mg loading dose). Chloramphenicol is an alternative antibiotic and can be used in pregnancy but is not as efficacious [1,3]. A study conducted among tribal communities in Arizona revealed that fatalities occurred when treatment was initiated beyond day 5 of illness, peaking at 50% on day 9 [21].
Combined exposure to non-antibiotic pharmaceutics and antibiotics in the gut synergistically promote the development of multi-drug-resistance in Escherichia coli
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Danyang Shi, Han Hao, Zilin Wei, Dong Yang, Jing Yin, Haibei Li, Zhengshan Chen, Zhongwei Yang, Tianjiao Chen, Shuqing Zhou, Haiyan Wu, Junwen Li, Min Jin
The dominant mechanisms underlying the resistance to chloramphenicol in bacteria are enzymatic inactivation by acetylation, clearance via efflux pumps, and ribosome protection.44–47 However, in this study, no transcriptional enchancement of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or ribosome protection were found in the mutants. Interestingly, in all mutants, regardless of whether chloramphenicol resistance was induced by duloxetine, chloramphenicol, or their combination, the mechanism underlying the resistance against chloramphenicol was the same, i.e., the upregulation of the efflux pumps AcrAB-TolC and mdtEF. Therefore, herein, the enhanced antibiotic efflux pumps, and not chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or ribosome protection, contributes to the resistance of E. coli against chloramphenicol. Multidrug efflux pumps play important roles in the multiple antibiotic resistance of E. coli, indicating that it may serve an efficient target to control infections caused by ARB using drug efflux inhibitors.
Meningitis caused by Campylobacter jejuni: a case presentation and literature review
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2021
Marija Kusulja, Marija Santini, Karla Margetić, Marija Guzvinec, Silvija Šoprek, Iva Butić, Arjana Tambić Andrašević
Only one newborn, from the 1986 outbreak, had ventricular enlargement as an early sequela of C. jejuni meningitis [8]. All the other patients were successfully treated for meningitis, but a few of them succumbed to comorbidities later. These good results should be observed critically, since this could be publication bias, as positive outcomes are more likely to be reported. The duration of treatment of C. jejuni meningitis ranged from 7 days in only one newborn, to 14–25 days in other newborns and all adults. It is of note that an adult patient who received 11 days of treatment with chloramphenicol had a relapse and fully recovered following a further course chloramphenicol for 14 days [10]. Regarding susceptibility, CNS penetration, and safety profile, we assume meropenem treatment lasting for 3 weeks a reasonable choice for C. jejuni meningitis.
Current understanding and therapeutic management of contact lens associated sterile corneal infiltrates and microbial keratitis
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Lily Ho, Isabelle Jalbert, Kathleen Watt, Alex Hui
It is important that the chosen prophylactic topical antibiotic agent covers the possible causative organisms of MK. Reduced Gram-positive populations and increased Gram-negative species have been found on the ocular surface of contact lens wearers in comparison to non-wearers.13 With the majority of contact lens-related MK caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa,28 a suitable antibiotic to manage MK or to serve as prophylaxis for other CIEs should have Gram-negative bacteria coverage, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For example, the fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin 0.3% four times a day) as prophylaxis would be an appropriate choice in Australia.42,43 In contrast, chloramphenicol would not be appropriate due to its lack of coverage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.42–44