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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The last step is disinfection. Disinfectants used in tap water treatment are chlorine or chloramine. Chlorination is added in order to kill any remaining parasites, bacteria, and viruses, and to protect the water from germs when it is piped to homes and businesses (175–176). However, chlorination is less effective at removing protozoa, such as Giardia lamblia. Chlorine-resistant protozoa and viruses are instead removed by extensive filtration methods (169).
Methods of Protein Iodination
Published in Erwin Regoeczi, Iodine-Labeled Plasma Proteins, 2019
The quantity of chloramine-T required for optimal iodinations is independent of the iodide concentration. 32There appears to be a critical amount of the reagent below which substitution is insignificant; when this level is passed, efficiencies rise rapidly and almost linearly to a point that represents the maximal yield attainable under a given set of conditions, and beyond which larger amounts of chloramine-T are useless.16,34 Ideally, one ought to work at, or just slightly above, this point (Figure 16). However, this may be impractical because of the day- to-day fluctuations in the quality and quantity of the components of the reaction. It is customary therefore to use more oxidant and compensate for it by shortening the reaction time.
Drinking water treatment *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Chloramines are derivatives of ammonia by the substitution of one, two or three hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms forming monochloramine (chloramine NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2) and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) respectively, and their use in drinking water disinfection is termed ‘chloramination’. The chemistry of the formation of chloramine is complicated and needs to be carefully controlled to ensure that monochloramine (chloramine), the most effective of the chloramines, is primarily formed and that as little as possible of the di- and tri-forms of chloramines are formed. The formation of dichloramine and nitrogen trichloride can result in taste and odour issues as well as concerns over their long-term health effects. Ammonia (NH3) is reacted with chlorine (Cl2). The chloramines speciation depends on the relative amounts of NH3 and Cl2 present:2
Myricetin derivative-rich fraction from Syzygium malaccense prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance and oxidative stress in C57BL/6J mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Devi Nallappan, Kien Chai Ong, Uma Devi Palanisamy, Kek Heng Chua, Umah Rani Kuppusamy
The protein carbonyl content in urine and tissue homogenates were determined as described by Kanagasabapathy et al. (2013). Briefly, the fresh AOPP reagent solution was prepared by mixing phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), glacial acetic acid (50% v/v) and potassium iodide (1.16 M) at the ratio of 81:15:4. The reagent solution (200 µL) was added to 18 µL of the sample, then the absorbance was measured immediately at 340 nm against the blank. Water and PBS were used as blank for urine and tissue homogenate samples, respectively. A known concentration of the chloramine-T solution (0 to 500 µM) was used as a standard and the result was calculated and expressed as µmol/L chloramine-T equivalent for urine samples and as µmol chloramine-T equivalent/g tissue for tissue homogenates.
Consequences of chemical impact of disinfectants: safe preventive measures against COVID-19
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Nagendra Kumar Rai, Anushruti Ashok, Butchi Raju Akondi
COVID-19 situations created havoc, and people are using several kinds of disinfectant simultaneously to clean their home and surroundings. Recent survey identified important knowledge gaps in the safe preparation of cleaning and disinfectants among adults (Gharpure et al. 2020). Serious undesirable effects may result due to the mixing of different cleaning products, as this can generate hazardous fumes/gases. Chronic exposure to these gases can induce asthma and chronic bronchitis (Medina-Ramón et al. 2005). The mixing of bleach with ammonia-based cleaners causes the production of chloramines and possibly ammonia that can volatilize (Cohle et al. 2001). On the other hand, when bleach was mixed with an acid-based cleaner, it could release gaseous chlorine or hypochlorous acid, which if inhaled, even in small amounts, may cause acute lung injury (Bracco et al. 2005; NRC 2004). In addition, chlorine disinfectants could combine with nitrogen, forming chloramine or N-nitrosodimethylamine, which have been identified as carcinogens (NRC 2004). Mixing bleach and alcohol creates chloroform, which is toxic and dangerous when inhaled or when it comes in contact with the skin (Medina-Ramón et al. 2005). To avoid this challenge, there should be proper information available in the public domain about the toxic effect of disinfectants, when used in combination, wearing skin and eye protection for potential splash hazards, ensuring adequate ventilation, and storing and using chemicals out of the reach of children and pets (CDC 2020a).
Attenuation of Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Wistar Rats by Combination Treatment of Two Natural Phenolic Compounds: Quercetin and Gallic Acid
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Saeed Mehrzadi, Pooyan Hosseini, Mehrnaz Mehrabani, Amir Siahpoosh, Mehdi Goudarzi, Hamidreza Khalili, Alireza Malayeri
At first, the minced lung tissues (500 mg) were homogenized with HCl (4.5 ml; 6 M, Merck-Company, Darmstadt, Germany). After preparation 1% solution in HCl, the resultant mixture (2.5 ml) was completely hydrolyzed for 24 h at 110 °C. After drying the samples, citrate buffer (1.0 ml; Merck-Company) was added to the samples. Subsequently, 1.5 ml of chloramine T solution (0.05 mol/L) was added and the samples were kept at room temperature for 25 min. Then, 4-dimethyl (amino) benzaldehyde (20%) (Merck-Company) solution was mixed and incubation continued at 60 °C for 20 min. The absorbance was read at 550 nm. Hydroxyproline standard curve was used to calculate the hydroxyproline content as mg/g lung tissue.