Dichloramine

Dichloramine

Dichloramine is a derivative of ammonia in which two hydrogen atoms have been substituted with chlorine atoms, forming NHCl2. It is one of the three types of chloramines that can be formed through the process of chloramination, which is used for disinfecting drinking water. Dichloramine, along with monochloramine, is soluble in water and can be found in chlorine-disinfected drinking water, swimming pool water, and water used for disinfection in the food processing industry. It can decompose into ammonia and hypochlorous acid.From: Routledge Handbook of Water and Health [2015], Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting [2020], Comprehensive Reviews in Toxicology [2019]

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Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015

Donald Reid

Chloramines are derivatives of ammonia by the substitution of one, two or three hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms forming monochloramine (chloramine NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2) and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) respectively, and their use in drinking water disinfection is termed ‘chloramination’. The chemistry of the formation of chloramine is complicated and needs to be carefully controlled to ensure that monochloramine (chloramine), the most effective of the chloramines, is primarily formed and that as little as possible of the di- and tri-forms of chloramines are formed. The formation of dichloramine and nitrogen trichloride can result in taste and odour issues as well as concerns over their long-term health effects. Ammonia (NH3) is reacted with chlorine (Cl2). The chloramines speciation depends on the relative amounts of NH3 and Cl2 present:2

Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting

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Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020

Gunilla Wastensson, Kåre Eriksson

Monochloramine and dichloramine are water soluble and thus present in chlorine disinfected drinking water, chlorine disinfected swimming pool water and chlorinated water used for cleaning or disinfection purposes in the food processing industry. In the latter, mono- and dichloramine may account for a substantial part of the inorganic chloramines in air (Héry et al. 1998, 1999; King et al. 2006).

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Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting

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