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Marine-Based Carbohydrates as a Valuable Resource for Nutraceuticals and Biotechnological Application
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Rajni Kumari, V. Vivekanand, Nidhi Pareek
Chitosan shows a tremendous role in a wide variety of biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral activity and is thus used for different purposes in different industrial sectors like cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. Here, we have discussed various chitosan nutraceutical properties.
Utilization of Fisheries' By-Products for Functional Foods
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Muhamad Darmawan, Nurrahmi Dewi Fajarningsih, Sihono, Hari Eko Irianto
Due to their physicochemical and biological properties, chitin, chitosan and its derivatives have the potential to be used as functional substrates for needs in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, food and environmental industries (Philibert et al., 2017). Chitin and chitosan show excellent biological properties, such as being nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable in the human body, and display various bioactivities, including immuno-stimulant, anticancer, antibacterial, wound healing and hemostatic (Dash et al., 2011). Thus, chitin is used for various applications, such as tissue engineering and drug delivery and as an excipient and drug carrier in film, gel or powder form for applications involving mucoadhesive (Philibert et al., 2017). One of the most well-known applications of chitosan is in the dietetic field, where it acts as a dietary fiber. Due to its chemical composition, chitosan is able to bind fatty and oily substances, favoring their elimination (Gallo et al., 2016). Moreover, due to the important characteristics of chitosan, such as its gel-forming capability, high adsorption capacity physicochemical characteristics, chemical stability, high reactivity and excellent chelation behavior, it has become an attractive alternative to other biomaterials available in the market (Dash et al., 2011; Thirunavukkarasu and Shanmugam, 2009).
Kidney Failure/Renal Insufficiency/Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Chitosan: Eighty individuals with chronic kidney failure on long-term hemodialy-sis were studied.8 Half took chitosan (a natural poly-saccharide found in insects and shellfish) 1,450 milligrams, three times daily for 12 weeks; the other half were “controls.” Those who took chitosan reduced serum cholesterol by 41% and increased mean serum hemoglobin. Significant reductions also were achieved in BUN (from 75-45 mm) and creatinine (from 1.001-0.875 mm). Appetite, sleep, and feelings of physical strength improved significantly in the treatment group. No significant side effects were seen.
Chitosan as a potential biomaterial for the management of oral mucositis, a common complication of cancer treatment
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Sudhanshu Ranjan Rout, Biswakanth Kar, Deepak Pradhan, Prativa Biswasroy, Jitu Haldar, Tushar Kanti Rajwar, Manoj Kumar Sarangi, Vineet Kumar Rai, Goutam Ghosh, Goutam Rath
Pathophysiological pieces of evidence are there that support the secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β are involved in inflammation in case of oral mucositis. The cationic polymer chitosan functions as an anti-inflammatory agent by interacting with different eukaryotic cells, promoting the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and creating multiple directions in the influence on immunity, both stimulating and inhibiting. This offers reason to explore chitosan as an anti-inflammatory agent. Chitosan significantly suppresses the secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and is also effectively involved in cytokine-mediated inflammatory events (Ahmed and Ikram 2016). In a scientific study by Ahn et al. chitosan’s anti-inflammatory properties were concluded using gallic acid-grafted chitosan (GAC). The outcomes of the scientific study were that GAC down-regulate significantly the production of mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which concludes that GAC has the potential anti-inflammatory ability to downregulate the transcriptional factors such as nuclear factor kappa-B (Ahn et al. 2016).
Hybrid thermosensitive-mucoadhesive in situ forming gels for enhanced corneal wound healing effect of L-carnosine
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Zeinab Fathalla, Wesam W. Mustafa, Hamdy Abdelkader, Hossam Moharram, Ahmed Mohamed Sabry, Raid G. Alany
F-P3 (poloxamer 407 alone) came in the middle. The addition of the cationic polymer chitosan enhanced the mucoadhesion properties probably due to the electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged mucin and the cationic-CS-based in situ gels (Lehr et al., 1992, 1994). These effects were dependent on chitosan concentrations. The higher the chitosan concentration, the stronger the electrostatic interaction and hence the greater mucoadhesion force and work of adhesion. On the contrary, the addition of methyl cellulose offered no observable improvement in mucoadhesion properties of the in-situ gels. This is could be ascribed to the non-ionic nature of methylcellulose as well as the weak propensity of MC to form hydrogen bonding with mucin due to the relatively high degree (>30%) of hydroxyl-group methylation. Accordingly, P-CS in situ gelling formulations (F-P3/CS0.5 and F-P3/CS1) were selected for further studies.
Development of antibacterial composite resin containing chitosan/fluoride microparticles as pit and fissure sealant to prevent caries
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Chun-Cheng Lai, Chun-Pin Lin, Yin-Lin Wang
The purpose of this study was to develop a new light-curable antibacterial fissure sealant with fluoride release and recharge ability. We modified the structure of chitosan with NaF to form chitosan/fluoride microparticles. The preparation method was based on the study of Niousha [25]. In this study, the concentration of chitosan increased from 1 mg mL−1 to 10 mg mL−1 following the guidelines of Sigma-Aldrich. The concentration of NaF also increased from 12 mg mL−1 to 60 mg mL−1, in an effort to bind more fluoride ions to chitosan, enhancing its fluoride release ability. In Niousha’s study, the hydrodynamic radius was 219 nm and the Pdi was 0.45. In our study, the radius was 629 nm and the Pdi was 0.68. The larger particles and heterogeneous size distribution may be related to the increased amount of fluoride that we used, resulting in decrease of the zeta potential. Aggregation occurred, and led to increased size due to more neutral charges formed [26]