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Ocimum Basilicum: A Model Medicinal Industrial Crop Enriched with an Array of Bioactive Chemicals
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Sunita Singh Dhawan, Pankhuri Gupta, Raj Kishori Lal
In O. basilicum species qualitative analyzes of essential oil by GC/MS, it was reported that the major compounds are mono, sesquiterpenes, and Phenylpropanoids. In O. basilicum from Bangladesh, linalool, and geraniol are reported as the major constituents (Dev et al., 2010). In Colombia and Bulgaria essential oil produce from this species has linalool and methyl cinnamate as main compound respectively (Viña and Murillo, 2003). Linalool and methyl eugenol were also reported in these species from Mali and Guinea (Moussa et al., 2000). The differences observed may be due to different genetic and environmental factors, different chemotypes and plant nutritional status, as well as other factors that may affect the different compositions of the essential oil. Padalia and Verma (2011) also reported the major constituents identified in both cultivars O. basilicum (Vikarsudha and CIM-Saumya) of northern plains of India were methyl chavicol and linalool, both belong to phenolic chemotypes as the marker constituents.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Betel leaf is an important article of daily consumption in Asia and Africa since ancient times, both for rich and poor. Leaves are used in wrapping pellets of betelnut and lime for use as a masticatory. Pellets are hot, acrid, aromatic, and astringent. They redden the saliva and blacken the teeth, and eventually corrode them. One astute observer265 challenges this, sensing that Indonesians (including dentists) widely believe the converse to be true, i.e., that chewing the betel strengthens the teeth and prevents decay. Betel leaf chewed with the betelnut and lime acts as a gentle stimulant and exhilarant. Those accustomed to its use feel a sense of languor when deprived of it. Leaves and/or the essential oil therefrom are antiseptic and antioxidant. Heated with oils and fats, they check rancidity, effective, e.g., in coconut, groundnut, mustard, safflower, and sesame oils (due to hydroxy chavicol). The essential oil and leaf extracts possess activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: Bacillus subtilis and B. megaterium, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Erwinia carotovora, Micrococcus pyogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas solanaoearum, Salmonella typhosa, Sarcina lutea, Shigella dysenteriae. Streptococcus pyogens, and Vibrio comma. Antiseptic activity is probably due to chavicol. Essential oil and leaf extracts also show antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, Curvularia lunata, and Fusarium oxysporum. Oil is lethal in about 5 min to Paramoecium caudatum, in dilutions of up to 1:10,000. It inhibits the growth of Vibrio cholerae in a dilution of 1:4000, Salmonella typhosum and Shigella flexneri in 1:3000, and Escherichia coli para S. and Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus in 1:2000.1
Anticancer Potential of Hydroxychavicol Derived from Piper betle L: An in Silico and Cytotoxicity Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
S. Vinusri, R. Gnanam, R. Caroline, V. P. Santhanakrishnan, A. Kandavelmani
Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites produced in higher plants and microorganisms through shikimic acid and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways. Because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, natural polyphenolics reduce the risk of various classes of tumors, especially chronic myeloid leukemia (1). These compounds possess an aromatic ring with one or more hydroxyl groups and have multiple roles, such as radical scavenging activity, plant defense mechanisms, and antimicrobial activity (2). Piper betle L. is a medicinal plant and a rich source of polyphenolic bioactive compounds, such ashydroxychavicol, terpinen-4-ol, safrole, allylpyrocatecholmonoacetate, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, α-cadinene, β-elemene, piper betol, carvacrol, allyl catechol, chavicol, p-cymene, caryophyllene, chavibetol, cineole, and estragole (3).
Copper oxide (CuO) and manganese oxide (MnO) nanoparticles induced biomass accumulation, antioxidants biosynthesis and abiotic elicitation of bioactive compounds in callus cultures of Ocimum basilicum (Thai basil)
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Saher Nazir, Hasnain Jan, Gouhar Zaman, Taimoor Khan, Hajra Ashraf, Bisma Meer, Muhammad Zia, Samantha Drouet, Christophe Hano, Bilal Haider Abbasi
Various bioactive compounds exist in plants' defense systems, which are released when the plant is facing stress or unfavourable conditions. These compounds include low molecular weight phytochemicals including phenolics and alkaloids to defend the plant survival [55]. Exposure of O.basilicum callus culture to CuO-NPs and MnO-NPs induced significant changes in its polyphenols profile. The HPLC analysis showed that CuO-NPs resulted in higher production of rosmarinic acid (11.4 mg/g DW), chicoric acid (16.6 mg/g DW), cyanidin (2.02 mg/g DW), peonidin (1.18 mg/g DW), (eugenol (0.21 mg/g DW), methyl eugenol (0.17 µg/g DW) chavicol (0.30 µg/g DW) and methyl chavicol (0.17 µg/g DW) in the callus at 10 mg/L concentration compared to control (Tables 1 and 2). The mechanism behind the enhanced production of metabolites is not yet clear, however different studies have reported CuO-NPs as promising abiotic elicitors in in vitro cultures for the production of important bioactive compounds [56,57]. In callus cultures, the biomass at higher concentrations of CuO-NPs and MnO-NPs has reduced, because of the toxicity at higher levels that denature macromolecules and disturb metabolic processes in such a way that the growth and development of plant cells are retarded [58]. In the case of MnO-NPs, a significant increase in caffeic acid production (0.20 mg/g DW) was observed at a moderate concentration compared to control. However, increased NPs concentration resulted in decreased accumulation of secondary metabolites. These results can be interpreted as a protective effect induced by the accessibility of NPs against ROS. High levels of MnO-NPs in the callus culture lead to biochemical changes, cell death, and inhibitory effects on growth [59]. The increased level of NPs reduced the ability of cells to withstand ROS and dramatically decreased the callus biomass [60,61]. Our results are also in accordance with the previous report where CuO-NPs at 10 mg/L concentration enhanced the production of secondary metabolites in Stevia rebaudiana [47].
GC-MS metabolites profiling of anethole-rich oils by different extraction techniques: antioxidant, cytotoxicity and in-silico enzymes inhibitory insights
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Dina M. El-Kersh, Nada M. Mostafa, Shaimaa Fayez, Tarfah Al-Warhi, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Mohamed A. Salem
D-limonene, the major monoterpene detected in citrus fruits31 was only detected exclusively in star anise oil, with a higher percentage using (3.21%) using the hydrodistillation method. The sesquiterpene, γ-himachalene, was enriched only in the hydrodistilled anise oil (up to 5.99%), still not detected in star anise oil. The results of this current study were consistent with that reported by Gholivand et al.6, where they described the presence of trans-anethole, limonene, chavicol, and anisaldehyde as major components in star anise oil obtained by hydro-distillation–headspace solvent microextraction (HD-HSME) technique. However, in this current study of anise oil samples, chavicol was never detected by any of the three different extraction methods implemented so far. The development of an ultra-fast GC electronic nose coupled with a chemical method was described by Nie et al.32 to identify star anise oil constituents, which showed the presence of anethole, limonene, α-terpinene, and α-phellandrene as major components. The latter two were not detected in the star anise oil sample of this study in any of the implemented extraction methods. Previous studies on anise oil revealed similar components to those reported in the current study, where either hydrodistillation or supercritical fluid extraction of anise oil revealed the majority of trans-anethole, γ-himachalene and trans-pseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate by Orav et al. and Rodrigues et al., respectively33,34 and trans-anethole, fenchone and methyl chavicol by Singh et al.35. These variations in chemical composition even implementing the same methodology may be attributed to the method of cultivation, the season of harvesting and method of drying or handling10. Other researchers used different extraction methods such as steam distillation, cold-pressing and extraction using n-hexane, where all of them resulted in an anethole-rich oil or extract with variable content36–38.