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Bismuth Tribromophenate
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A 71-year-old woman presented with a relapsing ulcer on the medial aspect of the left lower leg for the past 10 years. The current ulceration had been present for 31/2 months and was 2×2.2 centimeter in size, surrounded by a scaly vesicular dermatitis. She had been using 0.1% cetylpyridinium chloride solution for daily cleansing of the ulcer area. Following clearance of the dermatitis, her ulcer was treated with bismuth tribromophenate powder. The ulcer size diminished somewhat during 5 weeks, but then healing stopped and a persistent dermatitis recurred on the surrounding skin. When the bismuth tribromophenate powder was replaced with an antibiotic, the dermatitis disappeared and the ulcer healed in a couple of weeks. Patch tests showed allergy to cetylpyridinium chloride 0.05% water and the commercial powder 100% and 5% pet. (3).
Preservative Resistance
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
If a microorganism is resistant to the antimicrobial activity of a chemical disinfectant, it is possible that it is also resistant to a preservative in a product formulation if the active ingredient is in both the disinfectant and preservative. For example, a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been found to be resistant to N-dodecylpyridinium iodide (P-12), whose structure is similar to that of a common disinfectant, cetylpyridinium chloride (71). Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been well known to survive and proliferate in solutions of benzalkonium chloride (72). Benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride are QACs. It is well known that Gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to QACs than Gram-positive bacteria, and Pseudomonas spp. have generally high intrinsic resistance compared to other Gram-negative bacteria (44). In addition, Pseudomonas spp. may adapt to survive against higher concentrations of QACs (73). In addition to being active ingredients in disinfectants, benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride can be used as preservatives in product formulations. If a microbial isolate in the manufacturing equipment is resistant to the antimicrobial activity of a benzalkonium chloride or cetylpyridinium chloride disinfectant, they could contaminate a finished product. If a finished product contains either benzalkonium chloride or cetylpyridinium chloride as the preservative, the resistant isolate may survive and eventually proliferate in that formulation.
Interactions between Oral Bacteria and Antibacterial Polymer-Based Restorative Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Fernando L. Esteban Florez, Sharukh S. Khajotia
A recent study investigated the development of QAMs-induced resistance in cariogenic (S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. gordonii), endodontic (E. faecalis), and periodontal (A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia) bacterial species.[160] The results reported have demonstrated that antibacterial monomers used did not result in resistant bacteria, whereas four species of bacteria (S. gordonii, E. faecalis, F. nucleatum, and P. gingivalis) became resistant after being treated with CHX. The addition of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a well-known and effective antibacterial agent (FDA-approved in oral hygiene aids), to resin composites and dental bondings has also been reported. According to previous studies, the addition of small concentrations of CPC (1%–3%) resulted in the complete inhibition of S. mutans in a 12 h period, thereby demonstrating that immobilized bactericides are still capable of displaying significant antibacterial functionalities.[157]
Viricidal treatments for prevention of coronavirus infection
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Manoj Khokhar, Dipayan Roy, Purvi Purohit, Manu Goyal, Puneet Setia
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used as disinfectants, and alkyl benzalkonium chlorides are one of the most familiar examples [39,57]. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds can be attributed to the adsorption to cytoplasmic membrane and leakage of cellular constituents. Chemically, the quaternaries are organically substituted ammonium compounds in which the nitrogen atom has a valence of five. Four of the substituted radicals (R1–R4) are alkyl or heterocyclic radicals of a given size or chain length, and the fifth (X−) is a halide, sulfate, or similar radical. The chemical names of QACs used in hospitals include alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, alkyl di-decyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, and di-alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. The mechanisms by which these chemicals act are denaturation of essential cell proteins, disruption of the lipid membrane, and damage to proteins and nucleic acid [58]. Known QAC having anti-coronaviral activity are ammonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, and miramistin. Among these, cetylpyridinium chloride has demonstrated its antiviral activity against an array of coronaviruses and is cheap and widely accessible to be used in hospital settings [59]. Di-decyl dimethyl ammonium chloride has proven viricidal activity against CCV (Strain S378) at 0.0025% concentration and inactivates viruses in 3 days [60]. Hence, this compound may potentially be useful in disinfecting surgical masks and N95 masks.
Tips for reading patents: a concise introduction for scientists
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Kate E. Donald, K. M. Mohibul Kabir, William A. Donald
Also, by skipping ahead to the examples, you can bypass the detailed description (the section that scientists typically find most tedious), which is usually written by advisors to ensure the full scope of the patent is protected and meets legal requirements. For example, in the examples section of the Oral Composition patent [12], the exact chemical compositions of two toothpaste formulations, a mouthwash formulation, and a dental floss formulation are provided. In addition, methods and results concerning the adsorption of cetylpyridinium chloride to the surfaces of teeth and the bactericidal activity of cetylpyridinium chloride are reported. In contrast, the detailed description contains long lists of suitable ‘acyl groups’ and ‘salts’ that may not necessarily have been used in any experiments performed by the patentee(s).
Cetylpyridinium chloride promotes disaggregation of SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Manuel Bañó-Polo, Luis Martínez-Gil, Manuel M. Sánchez del Pino, Alberto Massoli, Ismael Mingarro, Rubén Léon, Maria Jesus Garcia-Murria
The results suggest that some types of toothpaste and mouthwash containing CPC could help to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, by temporarily decreasing the number of competent virions in the mouth. Although SARS-CoV-2 transmission can occur by activities involving the oral cavity, such as speaking, breathing, coughing, sneezing and even singing [23,24], most attention has been focused on the nasal–lung axis of infection [25]. Oral manifestations, such as taste loss, dry mouth and oral lesions, are evident in about half of COVID-19 cases [26–28]. This is critical because, if these are sites of early infection, they could play an important role in transmitting the virus to the lungs or the gastrointestinal tract via saliva, as has been suggested for other microbial-associated diseases, such as pneumonia [29] and inflammatory bowel diseases [30,31]. Reducing the so-called ‘viral load’ could have important clinical consequences, particularly in dentistry, hence, multiple medical organisations and dental professionals have launched protocols and clinical recommendations to include this measure. Among the latter, the use of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) stands out as a prophylactic measure to reduce viral load in the oral cavity prior to dental procedures, with the aim of preventing the transmission of viral diseases in the dental clinic [32]. In addition, offering CPC mouthwashes could be an easy front-line strategy against the pandemic since vaccination rates in under-developed countries are still extremely low [33]. Moreover, given the high effectiveness of rinsing for 30–60 seconds with mouthwash, we underscore the importance of this approach. We hypothesise that CPC, a main active compound in mouth rinses may block infection by altering/disrupting viral envelopes (membranes).