China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Industrial Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Cesium sources are typically used in the form of cesium chloride, which is extremely dangerous if used as a radiological weapon. It is easily dispersible, water soluble, highly reactive, and remains detrimental to humans and the environment for over 100 years. It is not surprising that 137Cs sources are being phased out. Alternative methods of blood irradiation are urgently needed. Blood irradiation using x-ray tubes and up to 3 MeV electron linacs are currently being developed.
Hepatitis E Virus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Kavita Lole, Prudhvi Lal Bhukya, Bangari Haldipur
HEV is a nonenveloped, spherical virus with icosahedral symmetry. It has a diameter of 27–32 nm as revealed by immune-electron microscopy (IEM) (Figure 7.2),31–33 a buoyant density between 1.39 and 1.40 g/cm3 in CsCl, and a sedimentation coefficient of 183S in sucrose.34 Since HEV is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, replicates in the liver, and excretes in feces, it is capable of withstanding low pH and bile salts upon ingestion.35 HEV is generally considered more labile than hepatitis A virus under laboratory conditions, but the same does not seem to be relevant in environmental settings.36 HEV was observed to be sensitive to high salt concentrations, including cesium chloride.
Relationships Between Potassium and Cancer
Published in Maryce M. Jacobs, Vitamins and Minerals in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer, 2018
Maryce M. Jacobs, Roman J. Pienta
The effect of cesium chloride and potassium chloride on the lifespan of female Sprague-Dawley rats inoculated with Novikoff’s hepatoma (NH) was studied by Messiha and Stocco.41 Rats treated with CsCl for 12 days prior to or immediately after inoculation with 1.0 ml of viable NH cells showed an increase in mortality compared to corresponding controls. Conversely, increasing the dose of NH cells to 2.0 ml resulted in a delay of toxicity as evidenced by a decrease in mortality. Treatment in the drinking water consisted of either distilled water, 0.2% CsCl, 0.02% KCl alone or combined with 0.2% CsCl. Treatment with CsCl alone resulted in a delay and decrease of the mortality curve. Treatment with KCl alone resulted in a decreased mortality score. Cumulative mortality scores at the end of the experiment, 32 days post-inoculation, were 50% for the KCl-treated group, 67% for the CsCl-treated group, and 83% for the water controls. Paradoxically, combined treatment with KCl and CsCl resulted in 100% mortality within 20 days of inoculation with NH cells suggesting a critical intercellular balance between Cs and K ions on the inhibitory effects observed.
Differential expression of flowering genes in Arabidopsis thaliana under chronic and acute ionizing radiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Maryna V. Kryvokhyzha, Konstantin V. Krutovsky, Namik M. Rashydov
Chronic irradiation was performed using the 137СsCl irradiation with two total doses of 3 cGy and 17 cGy, and the dose rates of 10−7 cGy/s and 6.8 × 10−6 cGy/s, respectively. The plants in the experimental group were grown under chronic irradiation during 6 weeks from seeds till the 6.3 stage of flowering (Boyes et al. 2001). The plants were exposed in the gamma field of the 137CsCl solution (1.8 × 109 Bq/l) during the growing season (Sparrow 1966). Cups with the plants were placed around a tube with a solution of cesium chloride on the same distance from the tube: 30 cm from the tube for chronic irradiation with a total dose of 3 cGy (3.6 mR/h), and 10 cm from the tube for chronic irradiation with a total dose of 17 cGy (24.6 mR/h). Average dose rate (R) for the mixed γ- and β-irradiation was measured using the ‘дпг-03’ dosimeter (Kiev, Ukraine). It was about 24.6 ± 1.23, 18.6 ± 0.93, and 3.6 ± 0.18 mR/h within 10, 15, and 30 cm radius, respectively. Then, total dose (D) absorbed by plants was calculated as D (absorbed dose, Gy) = R (dose rate, mR/hour) × t (exposure time, hours) × X (Gy/R), where X is a coefficient converting R to Gy (usually 1Gy ≈ 0.95–0.98 R, for gamma-radiation = 1). According to Boyes et al. (2001) classification, we recorded the onset of stage 6.3 when 30% of the plants entered flowering, and the average of the date of the beginning of flowering was calculated as an average for these plants.
Immunization and Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Focus on Hepatic Cytochrome P450 3A
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Kristina Jonsson-Schmunk, Romi Ghose, Maria A. Croyle
An E1/E3 deleted recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 vector expressing a codon-optimized full-length Ebola virus glycoprotein sequence under the control of the chicken β-actin promoter (referred to as AdEBO throughout the remainder of this manuscript) [44] was amplified in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Cell lysates were purified by banding twice on cesium chloride gradients. Virus bands were desalted by dialysis overnight in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and infectious titer was determined using the Adeno-X Rapid Titer Kit (Clontech, Mountain View, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Preparations with infectious to physical particle ratios below 1:200 were used in this study.
The Goiânia incident, the semiotics of danger, and the next 10,000 years
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Joseph Clemons, Adam Blumenberg
Cesium-137, as a radioactive product of nuclear fission, primarily exists in the environment in the form of cesium chloride, a compound soluble in water [17]. It enters the body through ingestion or inhalation and gets distributed throughout soft tissues, with a particular affinity for muscle tissue. This isotope emits beta and gamma radiation, both forms of ionizing radiation which damage living tissues [17].