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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Cephalosporins of the third generation include: Cefotaxime, Cefoperazone, Ceftriaxone, Ceftizoxime, Ceftazidime, and Cefixime. They are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but their optimal activity is mostly against Gram-negative bacteria (144).
Ceftizoxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefpodoxime, Ceftibuten, Cefsulodin, and Cefpiramide
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Mesut Yilmaz, David L. Paterson
Ceftizoxime is a 7-aminothiazolyl alpha-methoxyimino cephalosporin, which is structurally related to cefotaxime and its desacetyl metabolite. Unlike cefotaxime (see Chapter 26, Cefotaxime), this drug is not deacetylated In vivo. It has similar activity to cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. It has poor activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Barry et al., 1982). The chemical structure of ceftizoxime is shown in Figure 28.1.
Evaluation of clinical, diagnostic features and therapeutic outcome of neurobrucellosis: a case series and review of literature
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Sudipta Patra, Vandana Kalwaje Eshwara, Aparna Ramakrishna Pai, Muralidhar Varma, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
The choice of antibiotics and duration of therapy are related to clinical presentation and the presence of a focus of infection in brucellosis [75,76]. Partial permeability of antibiotics to CSF is the difficult aspect of treatment. According to WHO guidelines, both doxycycline (DOX) and rifampicin (RIF) should be used in every combination due to their good passage to CSF [75]. The CSF passage of third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftriaxone (CRO), cefotaxime and ceftizoxime, is enough, therefore, it can also be combined with DOX and RIF for therapeutic use. In this study, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) with RIF and DOX was the most common combination (50.5%) administered for treating neurobrucellosis followed by CRO with RIF and DOX (26.1%). Adequate duration of therapy and the appropriate combination of antibiotics are required for complete cure. Treatment for neurobrucellosis should be continued until the improvement of clinical symptoms and CSF findings [2,45,75,76]. Mortality in brucellosis is rare; amongst 221 cases, only 2 (1%) have expired.
Delayed postoperative complications in 624 consecutive cochlear implantation cases
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Lusen Shi, Guangjie Zhu, Dengbin Ma, Chengwen Zhu, Jie Chen, Xiaoyun Qian, Xia Gao
One patient was diagnosed with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and had no history of CSOM prior to implantation. After being implanted with a Nucleus Freedom Contour Advance at 18 months old, the boy came to our hospital 4 months later with ear pain, ear discharge, and fever. The patient was diagnosed with acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) after tympanostomy exploration of the affected ear, and purulent secretions and granulated tissues were found surrounding the receiver-stimulator as shown in Figure 4. Bacteria cultured from the purulent effusion were Streptococcus pneumoniae, and inflammation was detected on histological analysis. After 25 months the patient was diagnosed with CSOM after reporting ear discharge on four separate occasions. Since the first diagnosis, the patient was treated with ceftizoxime sodium to treat the infection and a corticosteroid nasal spray to improve the function of the Eustachian tube. During his four hospitalizations, two further tympanostomy explorations were performed, but the electrode array did not shift. Symptoms of ear discharge have not been reported from the patient for the past 2 years and 8 months.
Molecular characterization and distribution of cephalosporin resistance determinants in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital in Bushenyi, Western Uganda
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2021
Herbert Mbyemeire, Kenneth Ssekatawa, Charles D. Kato, Eddie M. Wampande
Cephalosporins form a relatively large group of antibiotics with a β-lactam ring. This class of antibiotics is bactericidal against gram-negative bacteria. Cephalosporins are classified into first, second, third, fourth, and fifth generations [1]. The third generation cephalosporins are the most widely used in the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections. They include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefixime, ceftizoxime, and cefoperazone [2]. Cephalosporin resistance (CR) in Enterobacteriaceae, most importantly, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are the leading causes of hospital- and community-acquired bacterial infections, has been reported worldwide [3–5]. Antibiotic resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics arises through a number of mechanisms, which include: (a) inactivation of antibiotics through hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring by bacterial enzymes encoded by resistance genes located on chromosomes and plasmids, (b) modification and downregulation of porin expression that leads to the decrease in permeability of the outer membrane to cephalosporins; (c) flushing out of cephalosporins by efflux pumps; and (d) acquisition of a new penicillin-binding protein (PBP) or modification of the PBP, thereby reducing the affinity of PBP component to cephalosporins [6,7]. The mode of resistance exhibited by most gram-negative bacteria to cephalosporins is mainly attributed to bacterial enzymes called beta-lactamases, which are encoded by different genes that include TEM, SHV, CTX, ACT-1, CMY-2, CMY-4, and DHA-1 [6–8].