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The Orient
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Cinnamon species (Lauraceae family) provide two different commodities, camphor and cinnamon. The Ayurvedic physicians use the three aromatics, cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), Indian cassia lignea (Cinnamomum tamala or bastard cinnamon) and Cinnamon cassia (Tvak in Sanskrit and Dalchini in Hindi) to disguise the taste of medicines. The Indian laburnum, Cassia fistula, Araguadha in Sanskrit, Amaltas in Hindi, and the senna pods of Cassia augustifolia, were pulped and used as laxatives in pregnancy.
Medicinal Plants in Natural Health Care as Phytopharmaceuticals
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
This is a medium-sized deciduous tree, 8−15 m in height with greenish grey smmoth bark when young and rough and old exfoliating in hard scales; leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 4−8 ovate, acute, glabrous above, paler, main nerves numerous, flowers bright yellow in lax pendulous racemes, fruits cylindric, seeds broadly ovate, horizontally immersed in dark coloured sweetish pulp. Plant contains sennosides A and B, rhein and its glucocides, baraloin, aloin, formic acid, tannins and reducing sugars. Roots are astringrnt, cooling, febrifuge and tonic and are useful in treatment of skin diseases, tuberculous glands, syphilis and burning sensation. The bark is laxative, antihelmintic, emetic, febrifuge, diuretic and is useful in boils pustles, leprosy, ringworm, fever etc. (Ali, 2014). Cassia fistula (C. fistula) plays an important role in diseases prevention due to the presence of bioactive constituents. They bear important properties such as anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-cancer through modulation of genetic pathways. Plant parts such as stem, leaf, and flower contain different types of constituents that play a vital role in health care. Previous findings have shown that stem bark of C. fistula is a chief source of lupeol, ß-sitosterol and hexacosanol. Fruits and flower of C. fistula are a source of important phytochemicals that display a role in health management. A compound such as 1,8-dihydroxy-3-anthraquinone derivative isolated from the fruit pulp and compounds kaempferol, leucopelargonidin tetramer, rhein, fistulin, and triterpenes are isolated from their flowers. Another finding showed that seeds of C. fistula are rich in glycerides with linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acids as chief fatty acids and also contain traces of caprylic and myristic acids (Rahmani, 2015).
Phyto constituent-Centered Byproducts and Nanomedicines as Leishmanicidal Scavengers
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Sabya Sachi Das, P. R. P. Verma, Sandeep Kumar Singh
Sartorelli et al. (2007) analyzed the dried extracts and segments from the fruits of Cassia fistula used for the treatment of VL. Hexane extract exhibited substantial ALA beside the promastigote stage of L. chagasi. The bio-directed degradation ensued in the seclusion of a sterol, clerosterol, further scrutinized in altered models. Promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes established high vulnerability (IC50 10.03 μg/mL and 18.10 μg/mL, respectively). Mammalian cytotoxicity was also assessed; further results confirmed that clerosterol was less lethal than the conventional drug pentamidine. Radwan et al. (2009) isolated 9 novel cannabinoids from a highly potential variety of Cannabis sativa. Some selective compounds exhibited substantial antibacterial and antifungal actions, while some compound displayed strong in-vitro ALA. Mazoir et al. (2011) appraised the in vitro ALA against L. infantum promastigotes and T. cruzie pimastigotes of isolated 25 selective semisynthetic terpenoid metabolites obtained from Euphorbia resinifera (α-euphol and α-euphorbol) and Euphorbia officinarum (obtusifoliol and 31-norlanosterol). Furthermore, results unveiled that 78% and 62% of the test composites showed antiparasitic actions on L. infantum and T. cruzi, respectively. Da Silva et al. (2014) examined the in vitro ALA against numerous Leishmania species and antibacterial actions against selective bacteria strains isolated from the methanolic extract and segments of Lacistema pubescens. Results showed that the hexane fraction of extract showed a resilient activity alongside amastigotes of L. amazonensis (IC50= 6.8 μg/mL). Pulivarthi et al. (2015) detected the ALA of Sassafras albidum (Lauraceae) bark extract and quoted that this compound has excellent ALA (IC50 <12.5 µg/mL) against promastigotes of L. amazonensis.Khedr et al. (2016) examined the ALA of two newfangled triterpenoids, ficupanduratin A and ficupanduratin B isolated from the fruits of Ficus pandurate Hance (Moraceae). These compounds showed virtuous affinity towards CB2 receptor, with supplanting values of 69.7 and 62.5%, respectively. Rebolledo et al. (2017) estimated the leishmanicidal efficacy of some selected medicinal species (T. procumbens, L. xuul, and P. andrieuxii), in vivo against L. Mexicana. Results depicted that these selective compounds displayed strong ALA (IC50>30 mg/mL) against L. Mexicana.Oghumu et al. (2017) surveyed the immunomodulatory assets of pentalinonsterol (PEN) and assessed its probability as an adjuvant. Further, results confirmed that PEN enhanced the expression of NF-κB and AP1 transcription factors and promoted BMDC-mediated production of IFN-γ by T-cells, henceforth could be castoff as a leishmanicidal agent.
Controlling Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens using silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extract of Cassia fistula fruit pulp and its mode of action
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Hatem Fouad, Li Hongjie, Dawood Hosni, Jiqian Wei, Ghulam Abbas, Hassan Ga’al, Mo Jianchu
Cassia fistula L. (Leguminosae, commonly known as: Golden Shower) is a plant widely cultivated in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Tropical Africa and has been used in traditional medicine by local people since long time [21]. Moreover, different parts of C. fistula (leaves, seed, flower, etc.), were reported previously to have high medicinal value [18]. In the present study, a new trend for the green synthesis of AgNPs using fruit pulp extract of C. fistula as reducing and stabilizing agent has been described. The obtained particles were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, the mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity of AgNPs in laboratory conditions was investigated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for the synthesis, characterization, larvicidal and pupicidal potential of silver nanoparticles from C. fistula L fruit pulp against mosquito vectors. Furthermore, the effect on enzyme levels in the larval system after treatment with AgNPs will give an exact understanding about the mechanism of its action.
Skin hyperpigmentation treatment using herbs: A review of clinical evidences
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2018
Mayuree Kanlayavattanakul, Nattaya Lourith
The 70% MeOH extract of Cassia fistula (golden shower tree) pods show a tyrosinase inhibitory effect (IC50 39.2 μg/ml), and this extract could be formulated as a 5% oil-in-water preparation. This formulation was able to inhibit tyrosinase (64.0 ± 0.01%), without causing skin irritation. A single-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical evaluation was undertaken in 17 human volunteers, involving twice-daily facial (cheek) application of 500 mg of the product for 12 consecutive weeks. Noticeable (p < 0.0001) skin lightening as examined using a Mexameter® was observed following the first week (7.0%), with clear improvements evident on study completion (13.0%) (24).
Bacteria and fungi as major bio-sources to fabricate silver nanoparticles with antibacterial activities
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
In addition to secondary metabolites, primary metabolites such as chitosan polymer extracted from fungal sources can be used to stabilize and increase antibacterial and biocompatibility properties of AgNPs (Figure 4). Phytosynthesized AgNPs by Gynura procumbens aqueous leaves extract was encapsulated by fungal chitosan isolated from fungi Cunninghamella elegans, which showed NPs with positive zeta potential of 53.6 mV and average size of 79.65 nm. B. cereus, S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, and Salmonella enterica showed IZDs of 12.4, 13.5, 13.8, 14.5, and 14.2 mm under these NCs containing 50 ppm of AgNPs [72]. Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaf samples of Cassia fistula plant species for synthesis of AgNPs with the range size of 4–35 nm in spherical shape, which had antibacterial effect on E. coli, S. aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae as values of 22, 19, and 22 mm of IZDs at 100 µg/mL than to streptomycin with values of 12, 22, and 23 mm, respectively [73]. Supernatant of 55 strains of basidiomycetous fungi in pure culture was employed for fabrication of mono-dispersed AgNPs with the range diameter of 15–25 nm in spherical shape, wherein different reduction times (12–48 h) and antibacterial capacity against E. coli (10–26 mm of IZD) and S. aureus (8–26 mm) for each strain was observed. Silver resistance mechanisms are critical in these organisms to reduce and stabilize Ag+ ions at concentration less than threshold limit. Biological macromolecules including various vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, proteins, and polysaccharides can contribute in intracellular or extracellular mechanisms for these resistance mechanisms. For instance, molybdoenzymes nitrate reductase can act as the accelerator with ability of reduction of nitrate (NO3−) to nitrite (NO2−) [74].