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Non-Photocatalytic and Photocatalytic Inactivation of Viruses Using Antiviral Assays and Antiviral Nanomaterials
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Suman Tahir, Noor Tahir, Tajamal Hussain, Zubera Naseem, Muhammad Zahid, Ghulam Mustafa
Infectious ailments count for more than 20% of deaths worldwide, and viruses are accountable for approximately one-third of these demises. Researchers are rapidly struggling to identify and develop appropriate nano-vaccines and nano-based drugs. In both viral disease diagnosis and therapeutics, nanotechnology plays a significant role. NPs exhibit immense capability in biomedical implementations, particularly in those patients who revert after completion of traditional antiviral treatment. Moreover, nano-based methods are nontoxic, cost-effective, feasible, biocompatible, and a suitable approach for dealing with numerous kinds of viral contagions. With the benefits of size-dependent electrical and optical properties, higher surface reaction activity, and larger surface-to-volume ratio, NPs are being widely investigated in the domain of biomedicines and biosensors, and their viral activity has been systematically explored as well. The photocatalytic and non-photocatalytic inactivation of viruses have been examined through several nanoparticles; these include silver, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, gold, and carbon-based materials, for instance, quantum dots, graphene oxide, and graphitic carbon nitride, along with several other emerging nanoparticles. In the future, these NPs may offer an innovative platform for the assembly of bio-safe and efficient drugs for the nanoscale cure of viral contagious ailments.
Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Photon-absorbing carbon nitride (C3N4) nanosheets, biocompatible scaffolds treated on human bone marrow-derived MSCs, enhance differentiation for bone formation and help in bone regeneration and fracture curing. These activities get accelerated in the presence of red light. Further, this recuperates mechanical properties, controls drug release and biodegradability along with the bone repair after surgery, and results in bone density with less fibrous tissue development. The bone regeneration can be increased from combined human bone morphogenetic protein-2 along with hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanoparticles due to its osteoconductivity. Hydroxyapatite NPs3D scaffolds can be prepared by combining with gelatin that starts osteogenesis via autophagy activation, which leads to strong bone formation. The delivery of augmentation factors for bone repair is done using hMSCs, chitosan NPs, and fibrous scaffolds. For the bone formation of NRs and drug discharge of dexamethasone to support the osteogenic growth, nanocomposites produced from nanodiamonds and gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA) hydrogels can be utilised. The biomechanical strength of bone fractures increases with siRNA/NP hydrogel, and the healing capacity enhances through magnetofection (Pacelli et al. 2017).
Ecology
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
The polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a metal-free robust photocatalyst, was able to inactivate the phage MS2 under visible light irradiation by distortion of the capsid shell (Li Y et al. 2016; Zhang C et al. 2018a,b). The photocatalytic inactivation of the phage f2 with Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 composite under visible light irradiation was described by Cheng R et al. (2018a). The role of the phage MS2 by elaboration of the graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalysts was reviewed recently by Zhang C et al. (2019a,b) and Murugesan et al. (2019).
Quantitative analysis of sarcosine with special emphasis on biosensors: a review
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
C.S. Pundir, Ritu Deswal, Parveen Kumar
A Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor is fabricated on photoactive electrodes, which can convert photoirradiation to electrical signal. Various photoactive materials were metal-contained semiconductors, such as TiO2, Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), CdSe, CdTe, ZnO and ZnS, etc (Zang et al.2017). A novel photoelectrochemical sensing platform based on CuInS2 based photocathodic enzyme sensing was formulated for sarcosine determination. The heterostructure copper indium disulfide (CuInS2) microspheres, 3 D NiO nanofilm and indim tin oxide (ITO) were successfully synthesized as a photoelectrode material. This resulted (CuInS2/NiO/ITO) complex was then coupled to SOx. The O2 dependent cathodic photocurrent was suppressed due to the competition between the O2 sensitive photocathode and SOx towards O2 reduction. The sensor had a wide linear range from 0.01–1.00 mM, with a LOD of 0.008 mM (S/N = 3) and correlation coefficient of 0.995 using linear regression equation I = 3.814e−8c–1.122e−8. Ascorbic acid, dopamine, lysine, histidine, urea and glucose at 0.1 mM concentration show no interference (Jiang et al.2018).
Pulmonary and systemic toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure of 3-D printer emissions from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
Mariana T. Farcas, Walter McKinney, Chaolong Qi, Kyle W. Mandler, Lori Battelli, Sherri A. Friend, Aleksandr B. Stefaniak, Mark Jackson, Marlene Orandle, Ava Winn, Michael Kashon, Ryan F. LeBouf, Kristen A. Russ, Duane R. Hammond, Dru Burns, Anand Ranpara, Treye A. Thomas, Joanna Matheson, Yong Qian
In terms of VOCs concentrations, we found that all detected VOCs emitted over 4-h print jobs were at average levels that were much lower than workplace exposure limits (REL or PEL), whose values are appropriate for comparison to exposure measurements collected in occupational settings and would not be protective of sensitive individuals or children in non-occupational settings. We identified, styrene, benzene, and acetaldehyde vapor, which may irritate the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract (Nielsen and Alarie 1982; Sittig 1985; EPA/600/8-86-015A 1987). An important finding from previous studies is that filament factors such as the formulation, the temperature to which it is heated, and the brand influences its breakdown and resultant released gas profile (Zhang et al. 2017; Stefaniak et al. 2017b; Davis et al. 2019; Potter et al. 2019). Wojtyła et al. (2017) identified more than 70 different VOCs in ABS filament emissions, with styrene, ethylbenzene, benzaldehyde, formaldehyde, acetophenone, and vinyl cyclohexene as the most abundant. In another study (Kim et al. 2015), found that printing with ABS filaments released ethylbenzene at levels 16.4 times higher than outdoor air concentrations, isovaleraldehyde 11.9 times higher, and acetaldehyde 3.2 times higher. More recently, Davis et al. (2019) detected 177 individual VOCs during FFF 3-D printing with ABS. These studies substantiate the potential for human exposure and subsequent health effects from VOCs emitted during printing. Technologies to reduce and prevent VOC emissions from FFF 3-D printing are emerging. When testing the efficiency of commercially available filter covers and air-purifiers, varying capabilities of these control measures in removing VOCs were observed (Gu J et al. 2019). It was found that conditioning the new filters and pre-operating the control devices for a few days helped to reduce the VOCs emissions. However, these control measures were unable to eliminate VOCs completely, and even produced new types of VOCs, demonstrating that the development of effective control strategies for reducing VOC emissions could be more problematic. Recently, an advanced filtration system such as photocatalytic filtration has been created. It was based on doped graphitic carbon nitride materials and was able to successfully decompose and therefore reduce the emission of hazardous VOCs (Wojtyła et al. 2020).