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Photocatalytic Inactivation of Pathogenic Viruses Using Metal Oxide and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Lan Ching Sim, Wei Qing Wee, Shien Yoong Siow, Kah Hon Leong, Jit Jang Ng, Pichiah Saravanan
Fullerene is a cage-like structure formed by connecting carbon atom with one another through single bond or double bond (Georgakilas et al. 2015). Since the discovery of fullerene, it has been widely studied and used due to its flexibility. This caged structure with electronic cloud allows the compound to act as a charge-transfer complex (Gacem et al. 2020). Studies have shown that fullerene and its derivatives possess antiviral activity toward various viruses, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Klimova et al. 2020), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) (Yasuno et al. 2021), influenza virus (Kraevaya et al. 2020a, b), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (Donskyi et al. 2018).
Innovations and Future Prospects of Dermal Delivery Systems
Published in Tapash K. Ghosh, Dermal Drug Delivery, 2020
Rashmi Upasani, Anushree Herwadkar, Neha Singh, Ajay K. Banga
Fullerenes are carbon-based molecules that resemble a hollow sphere. In contact with the skin, they migrate through the skin intercellularly rather than transcellularly. They can be used to encapsulate and transport active moieties which get released into epidermis. There is literature evidence of these molecules acting as antioxidants. Studies performed so far have shown fullerenes to be well tolerated and hold a considerable promise for future dermatological and cosmetic formulations (Kato et al. 2010).
Ecotoxicology of Nanoparticles
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
A substantial number of studies have been carried out to investigate the toxicological effects of graphene-related products such as fullerenes and CNTs on aquatic organisms. Given the low PECs, most traditional ecotoxicological assessments show endpoints well in excess of the PECs as is typical for several nanomaterials. However, this does not necessarily imply that ENMs are non-toxic or harmless. The suite of tests available to ecotoxicologists is limited by those validated by organizations such as the ISO and OECD. Traditionally, these tests have been available for several decades in their validated form and were originally designed for chemical pollutants and effluents, not specifically ENMs. As such, their degree of sensitivity may be insufficient to fully assess chronic and long-term effects of ENM on aquatic organisms. It may be necessary at this point in the development of toxicants to reassess the suitability of these tests, their endpoints, and exposure timeframes. For example, tests in excess of 3 days’ exposure are typically considered to be chronic, and anything 3 days and under is considered acute. Indeed, the longest reported test, the chronic Daphnia magna, is just 21 days in length.
Disposition of fullerene C60 in rats following intratracheal or intravenous administration
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
K. A. Shipkowski, J. M. Sanders, J. D. McDonald, N. J. Walker, S. Waidyanatha
Human exposure to nanomaterials is of significant concern due to their unique physicochemical properties and use in a variety of consumer goods (Contado, 2015; Gwinn & Vallyathan, 2006; Kessler, 2011; Nel et al., 2006). Fullerene C60 has been engineered for use in a variety of industrial and commercial applications (Cha et al., 2013; Halford, 2006; Hendren et al., 2011; Singh & Lillard, 2009). Fullerene C60 has the potential to be aerosolized, and pulmonary exposure to fullerene C60 has been shown to induce inflammation, immunotoxicity, and respiratory toxicity in rodents (Baker et al., 2008; Johnston et al., 2010; Park et al., 2010; Stanley et al., 2012). The goal of the work presented here was to evaluate the ADME of fullerene C60 following pulmonary exposure (IT administration); IV studies were also conducted to assess the fate of fullerene C60 compared to pulmonary exposure.
Current advances in nanocarriers for biomedical research and their applications
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
George Kerry Rout, Han-Seung Shin, Sushanto Gouda, Sabuj Sahoo, Gitishree Das, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Jayanta Kumar Patra
More specific chemical and structural natures of fullerene include higher photo-thermal effect due to broad range of light absorption in the UV–Vis region, ions or ion clusters within inner sphere and durable triplet state to scavenge electron with a bilateral nature of electrophilic and nucleophilic characteristics [25]. These features have contributed greatly towards their application in various amalgamated fields of science such as nanobiotechnology, nanopharmacology for various diseases and disorders due to their biocompatibility, antitumor immune response, anticancer activity, etc., and many others form have resulted in production of some of the astonishing utilities for detection and diagnostics as biosensors and bioprobe [26–28].
Acute exposure to C60 fullerene damages pulmonary mitochondrial function and mechanics
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Dayene de Assis Fernandes Caldeira, Flávia Muniz Mesquita, Felipe Gomes Pinheiro, Dahienne Ferreira Oliveira, Luis Felipe Silva Oliveira, Jose Hamilton Matheus Nascimento, Christina Maeda Takiya, Leonardo Maciel, Walter Araujo Zin
Urban atmospheric gas samples containing fullerene suggest its inhalation by humans (Utsunomiya et al. 2002; Baker et al. 2008; Sayers et al. 2016). Studies have already demonstrated the toxicity of fullerenes and nanoparticles in general. They can overcome biological barriers due to their small size and cross the lung natural barrier, deposit onto the alveolar space, and cause large inflammatory cell infiltrate associated with alveolar interstitial edema and hemorrhagic changes, damage type I epithelial cells, and impair lung mechanics (Inoue et al. 2009; Tang et al. 2013; Arick et al. 2015; Botelho et al. 2016).