China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Bladder Cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Radiation resistance may be related to tumor hypoxia. Historical data suggest that reversal of this using hyperbaric oxygen can improve local control.88 The use of carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2) in combination with nicotinamide to improve tumor oxygenation has been tested in a randomized trial of 333 patients. Though there was no significant difference in the primary endpoint (6-month cystoscopic control) there was a trend to improve relapse-free survival for patients receiving CON and RT (54% for RT+CON versus 43% for RT alone [p = 0.06]) and significant improvement in three-year estimates of overall survival (59% RT +CON versus 46% for RT alone [p = 0.04]).90 The benefit was predominantly seen in patients with necrosis on histological examination or having a hypoxia gene signature.91,92
Bladder cancer
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2014
Robert Huddart, Alan Horwich, Pradeep Kumar
Radiation resistance may be related to tumour hypoxia. Some data suggest that reversal of this using hyperbaric oxygen can improve local control,236 but the difficulties of implementing the technique in clinical practice have prevented its routine use. More recently, carbogen (95% O2 and 5% CO2) in combination with nicotinamide has been used to improve tumour oxygenation, achieving promising results in pilot studies.240,241 This approach has now been tested in a randomized trial. A total of 333 patients were randomized to either radiotherapy alone (RT) or radiotherapy with carbogen plus nicotinamide (CON). Though there was no significant difference in the primary endpoint (6-month cystoscopic control), there was a trend to improve relapse-free survival (54% for RT+CON vs. 43% for RT [p = .06]) and significant improvement in the 3-year estimates of overall survival (59% RT+CON vs. 46% for RT [p = .04]),242 the benefit predominantly being seen in patients with necrosis on histological examination.
Pharmacology in ENT
Published in Rogan J Corbridge, Essential ENT, 2011
Carbogen is a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. This causes the blood carbon dioxide level to rise and as a result cerebral perfusion is increased. It is used in cases of sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss, where a vascular cause is suspected.
Analysis of angiotensin II-Induced rat urinary bladder contractions in the presence of angiotensin II receptors blockers
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Petya Hadzhibozheva, Anna Tolekova, Reni Kalfin, Tsvetelin Georgiev
The composition of Krebs solution, the preparation of the tissue samples and the isolated tissues setting were as it was previously described (Tolekova et al. 2010). In brief, strips (approximately 2 mm wide, 0.5 mm thick and 8 mm long) were dissected from the detrusor following the direction of the muscle bundles from base to dome. The two ends of each strip were tied with ligatures. The distal end was connected to the organ holder; the proximal end was stretched and attached to a mechano-electrical transducer FSG-01(Experimetria, Ltd., Hungary) via a hook. The preparations were mounted in organ baths TSZ-04/01 (Experimetria, Ltd., Hungary), containing Krebs solution, pH 7.4, continuously bubbled with Carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2). The organ baths were mounted in parallel above an enclosed water bath, maintaining the solution temperature at 37 °C. Strips were placed under an initial tension (preload) of 1 g and allowed to equilibrate for at least 75 min (three periods: 15 min, 45 min and 15 min and two washes with Krebs solution between them).
Artificial membranes in combination with selected natural oils for in vitro drug passive diffusion screening in Ussing type chamber apparatus applied to gastro-retentive systems
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Mark Fensham, Jan Steenekamp, Adriaan Jacobs, Josias Hamman
All the in vitro permeation studies were conducted in a Sweetana-Grass diffusion chamber apparatus (Harvard NaviCyte apparatus, Warner Instruments, USA). The permeation of R6G (5 µg/ml) from the donor chamber (7 ml) into the acceptor chamber (7 ml) was determined. Each artificial membrane with and without oil impregnation was mounted between the half-cells of 3 diffusion chambers and tested individually. Carbogen (5% CO2/95% O2) gas was bubbled through the permeation medium continuously at both sides of the mounted artificial membrane. The temperature was maintained at 37 ± 0.5 °C by placing the assembled half-cells onto a heating block. Samples of 180 µl were collected from the acceptor chamber and replaced with equal amounts of pre-heated medium (i.e. KRB or 0.1 N HCl) every 20 min for the duration of the experiment (120 min).
Intratympanic steroids as a salvage therapy for severe to profound idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2018
Edoardo Covelli, Khaled Altabaa, Benjamin Verillaud, Domitille Camous, Charlotte Hautefort, Maurizio Barbara, Philippe Herman, Romain Kania
Owing to the differences in etiopathogenesis of ISSNHL, different therapeutic agents have been proposed including carbogen therapy, anticoagulants, antiviral agents, and hyperbaric therapy alone or in association with drugs [2]. One of the most accepted treatment choices is systemic steroid therapy but it is not always feasible due to the pre-existing conditions of patients (hypertension, diabetes, glaucoma, severe heart conditions, severe ulcers, hemorrhagic disorders, and renal failure). The IT route has two advantages: it allows a higher concentration of the drugs in the perilymph, and it minimizes the risk of systemic side effects. Nevertheless the pharmacokinetics of the drugs and their effects on the inner ear are still unclear [9]. Most studies have shown the benefits of IT steroids in the treatment of ISSNHL in patients in whom previous systemic therapy had failed [10]. The time between the onset of symptoms and the beginning of therapy (delay) is between 0 and 15 days; this is a common inclusion criterion in the literature because after 15 days the efficacy of the therapy is significantly reduced. Considering this early beginning of the therapy it is possible that the evaluation of the short-term efficacy could be influenced by spontaneous recovery. In a recent randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial, spontaneous recovery was shown to occur in 25% of patients with flat curve [2].