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The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Data on penetration characteristics for these insecticides through gloves were identified for carbaryl, methomyl, sulfallate, methiocarb, and pirimicarb.3,19,26–29 When carbaryl was tested for permeation breakthrough time using two alternative test procedures, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), nitrile butyl rubber, natural rubber, and Neoprene® (registered trademark of DuPont) all demonstrated breakthrough times exceeding 8 h.19 Likewise, gloves made of butyl rubber, nitrile, or Viton® (registered trademark of DuPont) demonstrated breakthrough times against sulfallate exceeding 8 h, whereas Neoprene gloves offered complete resistance for 4 h only.27 In two separate studies on chemical resistance and structural integrity, Raheel and Dai concluded that nitrile, butyl, and Viton exhibited a higher level of chemical and penetration resistance than did latex/natural rubber or PVC gloves.28,29 Gloves made of polyethylene were penetrated by methomyl within 15 min.26 A comparison of the penetration of pirimicarb and methiocarb through latex or nitrile gloves demonstrated that during an 18-h observation period, latex gloves reduced penetration of both carbamates by 50%, whereas the nitrile glove offered more than 90% protection against pirimicarb penetration.3
Cholinergic Agonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar
The carbamate insecticides used extensively as garden insecticides are carbaryl, aldicarb, and propoxur that inhibit ChE in a pattern similar to other carbamoylation inhibitors. The symptoms of poisoning closely resemble those of the OPs (Baron, 1991; Ecobichon, 2000). Carbaryl has particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption. It is used topically for control of head lice in some countries. Not all carbamates in garden formulations are ChE inhibitors; the dithiocarbamates are fungicidal (Brunton, 2011).
Topical and Transdermal Formulation Development
Published in Marc B. Brown, Adrian C. Williams, The Art and Science of Dermal Formulation Development, 2019
Marc B. Brown, Adrian C. Williams
Although some commercial single-phase liquid preparations for topical application are available, including, for example, lotions of carbaryl (carbaril) and malathion to treat lice or solutions of cetrimide or chlorhexidine for skin disinfection, simple liquid preparations are seldom used for topical and transdermal delivery. Generally, such liquid systems have a relatively poor residence time on the skin and thus delivery is limited to a short timeframe.
Acute organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisonings – a five-year survey from the National Poison Control Center Of Serbia
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Žana M. Maksimović, Jasmina Jović-Stošić, Slavica Vučinić, Nataša Perković-Vukčević, Gordana Vuković-Ercegović, Ranko Škrbić, Miloš P. Stojiljković
Clinical studies show that the mortality rate associated with intentional poisonings with carbofuran is around 2.2% and that it is lower compared to other CPs and OPPs (Lamb et al.2016). Methomyl poisoning was recorded in 6 patients, half of whom had severe intoxications. The majority of developed countries prohibited the usage of methomyl due to its high toxicity, but cases of methomyl poisoning are still being recorded even in countries where its usage is prohibited (Boucaud-Maitre et al.2019). Sri Lanka, a country where pesticides are the most common cause of suicidal poisonings, has prohibited the use of carbofuran, carbaryl, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos in 2014, reducing the morbidity and mortality rate of pesticide poisonings by 50% within 3 years (Rathish et al.2018). Likely, other, less toxic OPPs will replace them and become more commonly used. The case fatality from OPP poisonings is higher compared to other pesticides in the same WHO Hazard Class, such as neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and other non-cholinesterase pesticides (Rambabu et al. 2021). AChE inhibited by CP will be spontaneously reactivated and oxime administration is not recommended. In carbaryl intoxication, oximes even potentiate its toxicity (Faragó 1969, Lieske et al.1992).
Environmental biomonitoring by snails
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Exposure of Cypetmethrin and Alphamethrin to Lymnaea acuminata (0.004–0.012 mg/L) for 24 h enhanced the rate of oviposition. These pollutants also alter the oxidative metabolism of hepatopancreatic and ovotestis tissues in the snail’s body. In the same manner, Dimethoate and Carbaryl pesticide exposure up to 24 h at a concentration of 19.7 mg/L affect carbohydrate metabolism of Lymnaea acuminata. The protease activity in hepatopancreas and ovotestis tissues is increased after the exposure. To fulfil the energy needs of the body during the stress conditions, the protein starts to a breakdown, which in turn increases the amino acid contents in the body. These pesticides also hinder various enzymatic activities of the snail’s body and, at a concentration of 10.8 mg/L, exposure up to 96 h, inhibit the synthesis of DNA.
Pyrethroid based pesticides – chemical and biological aspects
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Anandha Rao Ravula, Suresh Yenugu
CAs are derived from carbamic acid and the first one among this class, carbaryl, was introduced in 1956 as a lawn and garden insecticide. Its broad-spectrum insect control activity and low toxicity to mammals allowed it to be a preferred choice. CAs are less persistent in the environment unlike OPs and OCs and are rapidly detoxified in animal tissues. The mode of action of CAs is similar to that of OPs as both are inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). While CAs inhibit AChE activity by phosphorylation resulting in the formation of a reversible complex, OPs form an irreversible complex (Darvesh et al. 2008). Since CAs are considered to be safer than OPs, as they exhibit reversible action on AChE and do not cause severe poisoning in cholinergic pathway (Silva et al. 2013), they are proposed as therapeutic drugs (physostigmine derived from Physostigma venenosum) for neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis.