China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Insecticides
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
As with the OPs, treatment of carbamate poisoning is symptomatic. Atropine is indicated as an antidote. Since “aging” of the carbamoylated complex does not occur, pralidoxime is not indicated and may actually increase toxicity. Practically, when prior medical history does not allow distinguishing OP from carbamate exposure, pralidoxime administration should not be withheld.
Management of carbamate or organophosphate intoxication at a high care unit
Published in Elida Zairina, Junaidi Khotib, Chrismawan Ardianto, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, Charles D. Sands, Timothy E. Welty, Unity in Diversity and the Standardisation of Clinical Pharmacy Services, 2017
Z. Izzah, T. Aryani, R. Rodhika, Lestiono
Carbamates and organophosphates are the most widely-used insecticide in developing countries (Aktar et al. 2009). The toxicity is attributed to their ability to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neuro-transmitting agent acetylcholine (Prijanto 2009). Carbamate causes reversible carbamylation of acetylcholinesterase, causing the accumulation of acetylcholine at the neuroeffector cholinergic synapses and autonomic ganglion. Organophosphate can block conduction of nerve impulses by binding to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase at the neuron synapses resulting in muscarinic, nicotinic and central nervous system disorders (Prijanto 2009, Peter et al. 2014). Both agents have similar symptoms of poisoning, but the duration of carbamate poisoning is shorter than organophosphate (Ferreira et al. 2008).
Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
In cases of poisoning by carbamates, all the methods used for treating poisoning by organic phosphorous compounds are useful, with one exception: pralidoxime and other oximes are not recommended for routine use. Recovery from carbamate poisoning is usually quite rapid.
Pesticide use, agricultural outputs, and pesticide poisoning deaths in Japan
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Michael Eddleston, Hiroshi Nagami, Chien-Yu Lin, Mark L. Davis, Shu-Sen Chang
The amount of OP and carbamate insecticides being used in Japan has fallen markedly over the last two decades, associated with the reduction in OP and carbamate deaths. No WHO Hazard Class Ia pesticides are now registered in Japan while only four Class Ib highly hazardous OP and carbamate pesticides are registered (cadusafos, isoxathion, methidathion, methomyl). Fatal poisoning cases have been recorded with the last three of these insecticides [14,30–32]. Twelve Class Ia/Ib insecticides have been withdrawn from the market (in particular, the key HHPs parathion and methyl parathion in 1969 and monocrotophos in 2004), likely explaining the paucity of deaths from OP insecticide poisoning relative to other Asian countries [2,33]. Deaths from OP and carbamate poisoning have been less common than deaths from paraquat since at least 1978 [16].
Evaluation of the accuracy of “ChE check mobile” in measurement of acetylcholinesterase in pesticide poisoning
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Fathima Shihana, Franz Worek, Gihani A. Dassanayake, Surangi H. Rathgamage, Jeevan Dhanarisi, Nicholas A. Buckley
The study was conducted in two general hospitals (Peradeniya and Nuwara-Eliya) in Sri Lanka. Patients with organophosphorus or carbamate poisoning were recruited between September 2013 and November 2014. Patients under 14 years and pregnant women were excluded. Clinical details were recorded. Samples were also collected from 20 healthy individuals. All subjects gave written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya.
Adrenaline is effective in reversing the inadequate heart rate response in atropine treated organophosphorus and carbamate poisoning
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Abhishek Samprathi, Binila Chacko, Shilpa Reynal D’sa, Grace Rebekah, C. Vignesh Kumar, Mohammad Sadiq, Punitha Victor, John Prasad, Jonathan Arul Jeevan Jayakaran, John Victor Peter
Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate poisoning are common in developing countries due to easy access and lack of restriction on the sale of pesticides. Toxicity is primarily due to acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the central and peripheral nervous systems, neuromuscular junction and erythrocytes, resulting in overstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors [1]. Atropine is the mainstay of treatment [2].