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Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
Cannabinoids are also known for being able to increase blood flow and enhance cortical activity (Terpenes and the “Entourage Effect,” 2018). Medical marijuana also helps in neuropathy (nerve damage), and anorexia (Medical Marijuana and Cancer, 2018). Cannabinoids work as appetite stimulants in debilitating health conditions such as cancer and AIDS (Amar, 2006). Medical marijuana can help cancer patients with their pain also. Notably, in contrast to current belief the clinical trials of the medicinal use of cannabinoids have actually been conducted with purified cannabinoids or also a single fraction of Cannabis sativa and not smoked as the stigma leads people to believe (Guzman, 2018). Cannabis sativa can have similar health outcomes as opioids as pain relievers, giving the patient relief but seldom demonstrates anti-inflammatory effect (Medical Marijuana and Cancer, 2018).
Pharmacotherapy of Neurochemical Imbalances
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar, Suvarna Ingale
Historically, cannabinoids have been known for its consumption for mainly frivolous and medical purpose. Cannabinoids are mainly obtained from Cannabis sativa. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a main active phytoconstituent of Cannabis sativa. Cannabinoids being psycho-active, produce euphoria, augmentation of sensory perception, increased heart rate, loss of pain perception, lack of concentration, and impaired memory. The important pharmacological actions of cannabinoids and tolerance are facilitated through G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CB) which are of types CB1 and CB2 (Mechoulam and Fride, 1995).
Recent Cannabinoid Delivery Systems
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Natascia Bruni, Carlo Della Pepa, Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso, Daniela Gastaldi, Franco Dosio, Enrica Pessione
Cannabis (cannabis sativa) is a dioic plant that belongs to the Cannabaceae family (Magnoliopsida, Urticales). Knowledge of the medical and psychoactive properties of cannabis dates back to 4000 B.C. All of the different varieties of cannabis, including the one known as cannabis indica, belong to the same species. All C. sativa plants produce active compounds, but each variety produces these compounds in different concentrations and proportions, which do not only depend on genomic background, but also on growing conditions and climate, meaning that they can be referred to as chemical varieties or chemovars, rather than strains [1]. Each chemovar contains varying concentrations of cannabinoids, a class of mono- to tetracyclic C21 (or C22) meroterpenoids. While more than 100 different cannabinoids can be isolated from C. sativa, the primary psychoactive compound is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which was first isolated in its pure form by Gaoni & Mechoulam in 1964 [2]. Other pharmacologically important analogues are: cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol, cannabinoid acids, cannabigerol, and cannabivarins. In addition to cannabinoids, other components, such as monoterpenoids myrcene, limonene, pinene, and sesquiterpenoid beta-caryophyllene, can also mediate the pharmacological effects of C. sativa [3].
Cannabis as a potential compound against various malignancies, legal aspects, advancement by exploiting nanotechnology and clinical trials
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Nazeer Hasan, Mohammad Imran, Afsana Sheikh, Suma Saad, Gaurav Chaudhary, Gaurav Kumar Jain, Prashant Kesharwani, Farhan J. Ahmad
Various pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with Cannabis sativa might exist; still, there is a paucity of available literature. Cannabis has the same constitution as tobacco smoke, but quantitatively higher concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons make it a carcinogenic agent [206]. Symptoms like chronic bronchitis-wheezing, cough, and phlegm have been reported in cannabis users. It increases the development of cancer risk, especially in adults below the age of 60 years [207,208]. One of the cannabinoids, specifically Δ9-THC, was reported to increase anxiety, psychotic symptoms, heart rate, and blood pressure and alter perception [209]. Minimal data is available regarding its safety in children that restricts its pharmacokinetic profile [28]. It is also forbidden for lactating and pregnant women due to the unavailability of enough studies and the risk of cannabinoid consumption that may enter the placenta and harm the newly born child [19]. Moreover, when cannabinoid is given in hepatic impairment patients, proper care should be taken because of the accumulation risk. Caution should be taken while other drugs administered with these inducers/inhibitors of CYP3A4 or CYP2C19 can decrease/increase its plasmatic concentration [19,210].
In quest of a new therapeutic approach in COVID-19: the endocannabinoid system
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Ondine Lucaciu, Ovidiu Aghiorghiesei, Nausica Bianca Petrescu, Ioana Codruta Mirica, Horea Rareș Ciprian Benea, Dragoș Apostu
Due to the well-known psychotropic effect of cannabis sativa, there are particular challenges in conducting a cannabinoid research in the SARS-COV-2 patients. In the United States, depending on the state, conducting a research on cannabinoids may require approvals from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), institutional review boards (IRB) or different departments in the stat government (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2017). Additionally, a limited cannabinoid supply and the limited funding from the governmental organizations lead to lack of support and therefore a low interest in conducting research on cannabinoids (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2017).
Safety and tolerability of nabiximols oromucosal spray: a review of more than 15 years” accumulated evidence from clinical trials
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
José María Prieto González, Carlos Vila Silván
Although the potential therapeutic and medicinal properties of Cannabis sativa plant compounds have been known for centuries, scientific progress has been hindered by national laws restricting their use. Over the past three decades, however, investigation into the role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating many body functions has led to a dramatic shift in attitudes. As of 2021, several cannabis- or cannabinoid-based medicines are available for clinical use. Nabiximols (Sativex) oromucosal spray, which contains a balanced ratio of THC and CBD, is approved widely as add-on therapy for treatment-resistant MS spasticity [2] and, in Israel, as adjunctive treatment for neuropathic pain in MS patients [6]. In the US, the synthetic THC analogues nabilone (Cesamet®) and dronabinol (Syndros®, Marinol®) are indicated for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting [60,61]. Dronabinol is also approved to treat anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS [61]. Most recently, a CBD oral solution (Epidiolex®, Epidyolex®) was approved in the US and EU for adjunctive therapy of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients aged ≥2 years [62]. Given the ever-expanding volume of literature on cannabis and cannabinoids in medical databases, product approvals in other indications might be anticipated in coming years.