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Inflammatory Biomarkers: An Important Tool for Herbal Drug Discovery
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Mahfoozur Rahman, Ankit Sahoo, Mohammad Atif, Sarwar Beg
In the Ayurveda medicine system, Acorus calamus has been used for the treatment of behavior changes, memory loss, and for learning performance. Acorus calamus L. inhibits the AChE. It contains a majority of asarone (Karunanayaka et al., 1984). Acorus calamus also shows anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, immune-suppressive, antioxidant, antispasmodic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic, and cytoprotective.
Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
The essential oil from the rhizomes may sometimes be found in beer and aromatic cordial and liqueur preparations (3,5) and the rhizomes of the European A. calamus and calamus essential oil are used in the flavoring industry. Because of the toxicity of its ingredient β-asarone, calamus products for human use should contain no or negligible amounts of β-asarone (6). In several countries including the USA, A. calamus and its oil have been prohibited as a food additive, and in the EU it is not used anymore in perfumery. Also, in recent years many herbal shops have stopped recommending or dispensing it (2). It is also considered too toxic for aromatherapy (13). However, calamus products are available for recreational (hallucinogenic) use on the internet and acute intoxications from abuse of such substances, mainly characterized by prolonged vomiting, have been reported and are not rare (10). Several review articles on pharmacological activities, medicinal applications and biological properties have been published (6,7,9,11,12).
Scientific Rationale for the Use of Single Herb Remedies in Ayurveda
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Ajayan, R. Ajith Kumar, Nirmal Narayanan
Acorus calamus is a semi-aquatic rhizomatous perennial herb (Figure 5.1). It improves mental faculties and digestion. Vaca, Ugragandha, Śataparvikā and Kṣudrapatrī are some of its Sanskrit names (Warrier et al. 2007a). No clinical trials are reported for the anti-epileptic property of Acorus calamus. However, several studies lend support to the use of this plant in the treatment of epilepsy.
Research progress of natural products and their derivatives against Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Jin-Ying Liu, Hong-Yan Guo, Zhe-Shan Quan, Qing-Kun Shen, Hong Cui, Xiaoting Li
Eugenol is used to prevent and treat AD. Inhibits AChE and BChE activities in a dose-dependent manner, s showing higher antioxidant activity28. Studies have shown that eugenol can significantly reduce the total area of hippocampal amyloid plaques and enhance memory in male Wistar rats at both 0.01 and 0.02 mg/kg doses29. It also shows inhibitory activity against the MAO-B enzyme and free-radical scavenging activity30. The eugenol-calamus combination attenuated lipid peroxide (LPO) and AChE levels in the hippocampus and significantly improved cognitive function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats31. Numerous studies have shown that eugenol has the potential to be developed as a multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) for the treatment of AD (Figure 3).
Volatile, non-volatile composition and insecticidal activity of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Olonisakin Adebisi, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Praveen Kumar Verma, Bikram Singh, S. G. Eswara Reddy
The residual toxicity assay of EO, hexane, and methanol fractions of E. adenophorum against second instar larvae of P. xylostella and adults of A. craccivora in terms of LC50 and LT50 to kill 50% of the test insect relative control values and other statistical parameters generated by linear regression analysis is summarized and presented in Tables 5–7. Results showed that, EO showed more toxicity to larvae of P. xylostella within 24 (LC50 = 3176.54 mg L−1) as compared to hexane and methanol fractions via residual toxicity assay. Our results are in agreement with the findings of others who reported the efficacy of EOs against other lepidopteran larvae. Patchouli oil was found to be the most toxic to larvae of the leaf roller, Choristoneura rosaceana, whereas garlic oil was the most toxic to larvae of Trichoplusia ni followed by patchouli oil and lemongrass oil (Machial et al.2010). In similar study Reddy et al. (2016), reported that the EO of Acorus calamus (LC50 = 0.29 mg L−1) showed more toxic to larvae of P. xylostella and was followed by Cedrus deodara (LC50 = 1.08 mg L−1), and Murraya koenigii (LC50 = 1.93 mg L−1).
Taishan Pinus massoniana Pollen Polysaccharides Enhance Immune Responses in Chickens Infected by Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup B
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2018
Shifa Yang, Guiming Li, Zengcheng Zhao, Zhongli Huang, Jian Fu, Minxun Song, Shuqian Lin, Ruiliang Zhu
Various polysaccharides isolated from plants and microorganisms have been used as effective biological response modifiers against cancer, immunodeficiency, and chronic infection (Feng et al., 2015; Ling et al., 2011). Many plant polysaccharides have been extensively investigated because of their potential immunostimulatory activity. For example, analysis of the immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides DOP-1 and DOP-2 isolated from the stem of Dendrobium officinale (DOP) showed that the former could significantly promote splenocyte proliferation and NK cell cytotoxicity, whereas the latter played an important role in macrophage activation (Xia et al., 2012). Water-soluble polysaccharides obtained from Acorus calamus L. have been shown to be able to activate macrophages and stimulate Th1 response (Belska et al., 2010). Our previous studies indicated that natural nontoxic polysaccharides derived from Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide (TPPPS) could enhance the production performance and immunological function in rabbits and chickens (Wei et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2014). Furthermore, TPPPS, when used as immunoadjuvant, could significantly improve the effects of different vaccines against Proteus mirabilis, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and recombinant Bordetella avium ompA (Cui et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2013). However, whether TPPPS could attenuate immunosuppression caused by ALV-B in chickens is unknown.