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Infectious Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Susanna J. Dunachie, Hanif Esmail, Ruth Corrigan, Maria Dudareva
Diarrhoea is defined by the WHO as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual). Infections are a common cause worldwide, but there are many other causes of diarrhoea, as discussed in Chapter 10, Gastrointestinal disease.
Oral Nutritional Supplements and Appetite Stimulation Therapy
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
An obvious area to explore in evaluating a patient with diminished intake is the component of gastrointestinal disease. Symptomatic gastrointestinal disease generally reduces the interest in food and impacts a patient’s ability to consume adequate nutrition. Abdominal distention, constipation and diarrhea clearly have a negative feedback on hunger and appetite. Pain during digestion or defecation (i.e., from fissures) may suppress food desire. The need to deal with the consequences of eating in a patient with an ostomy or enterocutaneous fistula may be an inhibitory factor of eating.
Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
According to World Health Organization, 70%–80% of the human population, mostly in the developing countries, relies on herbal therapies as primary healthcare in 2008. The knowledge related to traditional uses of herbs is totally in the custody of elder community members and local herbalists (Aziz et al., 2017). Common gastrointestinal disorders are stomach/abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery, gastroenteritis, constipation, and vomiting. The Asia-Pacific region has diversity in ethnicity, culture, and economic development. It comprises some of the least and most developed nations. In this region, gastrointestinal diseases are reported to be common. It is reported that the prevalence, presentation, and management vary considerably within region. Emerging evidence show the important role of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal health. Geographic variations in the composition of the gut microbiota may contribute to variations in both the prevalence and response to therapy of specific diseases (Ghoshal et al., 2018). Outbreaks of cholera in Haiti, Pakistan, and Zimbabwe suggest that global action plans against cholera are failing (Ryan, 2011). Besides that, diarrhea/dysentery/cholera/thyphoid outbreaks were reported in several other countries (Kamble, 2014; Manjusree et al., 2017; Sow et al., 2016).
Identification of irritable bowel syndrome in the Swedish National Patient Register: a validation study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Navkiran T. Tornkvist, Ann-Sofie Backman, Marie Linder, Maria Altman, Magnus Simrén, Ola Olén, Hans Törnblom
Incorrect IBS diagnosis: all other patients, further categorized based on the information in the medical record as follows.Not IBS. The medical record described another gastrointestinal disease.One core symptom for IBS missing (abdominal pain/discomfort or altered bowel habits).Too short duration of symptoms.One core symptom missing together with too short symptom duration (2 + 3).Limited information in the medical record, e.g., only endoscopy notes without documentation of symptoms or medical history available.
Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Xiuming Yang, Chun Tian, Yuansong Gao, Liu Yang, You Wu, Na Zhang
RIPC significantly improved the median time to stool by one day and reduced post-operative TNF-α levels among patients without chronic gastrointestinal disease who underwent laparoscopic CRC surgery. There is a potential advantage of RIPC during laparoscopic surgery for patients without a chronic gastrointestinal disease. However, it neither significantly improved gut function recovery nor shortened the post-operative hospital stay. These outcomes were derived from a post-hoc analysis, not part of the original statistical analysis plan. However, most patients in this study did not suffer from a chronic gastrointestinal disease (86.3%), so there is sufficient data to suggest that these results may be clinically meaningful. Intestinal inflammation plays a vital role in the development of PPOI, delaying the recovery of gut function. The intestinal inflammatory response of patients without chronic gastrointestinal diseases is significantly lower than patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Therefore, the increased intestinal inflammatory response caused by chronic gastrointestinal diseases may have led to the ineffectiveness of RIPC in patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases.
Pharmacological approaches to treat intestinal pain
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Mikolaj Swierczynski, Adam Makaro, Agata Grochowska, Maciej Salaga
A lot of nociceptive neurons contain a diverse range of specialized, sensitive ion channels important in pain detection and transduction. These include, for example serotonin receptors (specifically 5-HT4), whose agonists are used as prokinetic agents. Moreover, the receptors such as transient receptor potential channels and the endocannabinoid system play a crucial role and can be considered as a future perspective in intestinal pain management. Furthermore, biological treatment and immunomodulating agents are gaining in popularity with a greater understanding of the pathophysiology underlying gastrointestinal diseases. These include, for instance, anti-tumor necrosis factor – anti-TNFα (infliximab, adalimumab) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators (ozanimod).