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Caffeine, impulsivity, and performance
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
The effects of three doses of caffeine citrate (1, 2, or 3 mg/kg body weight) or placebo (citric acid), dissolved in a glass of orange-flavored cold drink, were examined on cognitive and psychomotor performance of subjects differing in the trait of impulsivity.
Sympathomimetics
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The predominant CNS stimulant properties of caffeine and the respiratory relaxation produced by theophylline are well documented. Caffeine stimulates cerebral activity, skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, and general basal metabolic rate, while theophylline has less central stimulation but significant bronchial smooth muscle relaxation properties. Caffeine and theophylline enhance cardiac muscle contraction, induce coronary vasodilation, and promote diuresis. Caffeine is available in combination with ergotamine, belladonna alkaloids, or pentobarbital for the treatment of migraine headaches (Wigraine® tablets, Cafergot® suppositories), for its synergistic action with ephedrine for weight loss, and as an aid to wakefulness and restoring mental alertness. In combination with sodium benzoate (injectable), caffeine is used in the treatment of drug-induced respiratory depression, and as caffeine citrate (injectable) for the short-term treatment of apnea in premature infants. Theophylline (Elixophyllin®, Theolair®, Theo-Dur®, and various others) is employed in the treatment of bronchial asthma and other respiratory-related disorders. The calcium and sodium salicylate salts of theobromine are available for use as mild diuretics, vasodilators, smooth muscle relaxants, and cardiac stimulants.
Caffeine and Multicomponent Task Performance
Published in Barry D. Smith, Uma Gupta, B.S. Gupta, Caffeine and Activation Theory, 2006
The effects of four doses of caffeine citrate (1, 2, 3, or 4 mg/kg body weight) or placebo (citric acid) dissolved in a glass of orange-flavored drink were examined on a letter transformation task that involved multicomponent skills. Similar drug doses were also used in our earlier studies (Gupta & Gupta, 1990, 1994; Gupta, 1991, 1993; Gupta et al., 1994). Citric acid has also been used in investigations devoted to studying caffeine effects (White, Lincoln, Pearce, Reeb, & Vaida, 1980; Gupta, 1991, 1993; Gupta et al., 1994; Gupta & Gupta, 1999).
Current challenges in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of paroxysmal movement disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Cécile Delorme, Camille Giron, David Bendetowicz, Aurélie Méneret, Louise-Laure Mariani, Emmanuel Roze
ADCY5-related movement disorder is a childhood-onset disease typically characterized by a variable combination of hyperkinetic movements (dystonia, chorea, myoclonus, tremor), occurring on a background of axial hypotonia [60]. These hyperkinetic movements can be permanent, paroxysmal, or a combination thereof. Perioral twitches or paroxysmal dyskinesia during nighttime are highly suggestive of this diagnosis when present. Molecular analysis of the ADCY5 gene can confirm the diagnosis, but should take into account the high frequency of mosaicism in this disease. In ADCY5 patients, pharmacological treatments are usually disappointing. Bipallidal stimulation seems to have variable and incomplete effects on the permanent symptoms but are likely efficient on the paroxysmal manifestations [11,p.5]. We believe that a trial of caffeine should be performed in all patients since it could have major effectiveness, at least in some patients [146,147]. Patients had the frequency and duration of their paroxysmal attacks dramatically reduced by coffee [146]. Caffeine seems to be the effective substance, since the positive effect was reproduced with caffeine citrate capsules, and was no longer observed with decaffeinated coffee [146].
Respiratory management in the premature neonate
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2023
Vikramaditya Dumpa, Indirapriya Avulakunta, Vineet Bhandari
Caffeine Citrate is one of the most common prescribed drugs in the NICU. Caffeine acts on adenosine receptors in the brainstem respiratory centers to increase CO2 responsiveness and reduces central apnea [107]. It also improves the diaphragmatic contractility, minute ventilation, and tidal volumes making it very useful in the treatment of apnea of prematurity [108]. It is the only drug that has strong evidence for use in the prevention of BPD [109]. The international, multicenter ‘Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity’ RCT (n = 2006, birth weight 500 to 1250 gm) established that caffeine also reduces the risk of BPD (adjusted odds ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.52–0.78) and improves long-term developmental outcomes when started early in premature infants [110,111]. Follow-up studies have shown improved neurodevelopmental outcomes up to 11 years of age [112,113]. The protective effect on BPD could be largely attributed to a significant reduction in the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation. Multiple studies have shown that earlier initiation of caffeine reduces the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and has a protective effect on BPD [114–117]. There is an ongoing trial evaluating the benefit of starting caffeine in the delivery room (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04044976). We recommend starting caffeine in all infants ≤30 weeks GA, within the first few hours of life and continuing until 34 to 36 weeks PMA once the apnea of prematurity events have subsided. Data on the benefits of using caffeine in infants beyond 36 weeks PMA, if any, especially if still on significant positive pressure respiratory support and/or supplemental oxygen is needed [107,118–120]. The typical loading dose of caffeine is 20 mg/kg and the maintenance dose is 5–10 mg/kg/day; the latter can be increased to 20 mg/kg/day. Due to its wide therapeutic index and margin of safety, it is not necessary to routinely check the levels of caffeine.
Exploitation of enrofloxacin-loaded docosanoic acid solid lipid nanoparticle suspension as oral and intramuscular sustained release formulations for pig
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Yanfei Tao, Fei Yang, Kuiyu Meng, Dongmei Chen, Yujuan Yang, Kaixiang Zhou, Wanhe Luo, Wei Qu, Yuanhu Pan, Zonghui Yuan, Shuyu Xie
Explored as an oral sustained release formulation, the palatability of the suspension is very important and should be evaluated initially. This palatability evaluation referred to the report of Tiwari et al. In the study, the daily intake amount of water was used to evaluate palatability of caffeine citrate formulation in mice (Tiwari et al., 2017). According to the clinic, maximum dosage of 5 mg/kg B.W. and the average daily water intake (about 3 L) of 15 kg pig, the final concentration of enrofloxacin in drink water was prepared into 25 mg/L for the nanosuspension and enrofloxacin powder groups to test palatability. The results demonstrated that the water intake of pigs in the nanosuspension group maintained the norm water intake as those of control group and was significantly higher than those of enrofloxacin powder group. These results suggested that the nanosuspension could significantly increase the palatability of enrofloxacin. However, the daily water intake of pig in nanosuspension groups was sharply decreased to one-third of the normal level (0.84 ± 0.17 L) when the added concentration of enrofloxacin was increased three-fold compared with the clinical maximum recommended dose. These results suggested that the palatability of the nanosuspension can be further improved by using other preparation techniques, such as enhancing the encapsulation efficiency and adding some flavoring agents. This study preliminary evaluated the palatability and it should be further studied in field trial to obtain more data. After intragastric administration, the extended systemic circulation of enrofloxacin with improved bioavailability was observed by DAS. This might be mainly because of the increased residence time and absorption of the nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract due to the small size and large surface area. The higher bioavailability and MRT could also be due to the increased permeability and an enhanced lymphatic uptake (Xie et al., 2010). These results demonstrated that the nanosuspension might be a promising oral prolonged release formulation with good palatability.