China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Psychopharmacology EMIs
Published in Michael Reilly, Bangaru Raju, Extended Matching Items for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Alprazolam.Bromazepam.Buspirone.Chlordiazepoxide.Clobazam.Diazepam.Lorazepam.Propranolol.
Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis
Published in Joseph Chamberlain, The Analysis of Drugs in Biological Fluids, 2018
The original method for the assay of chlordiazepoxide as described by Hackman et al.1287 was sufficiently sensitive for benzodiazepines administered at dose levels of 10 to 30 mg, and had a sensitivity of the order of 50 ng ml−1 using 2 ml plasma. The sensitivity of the general method was extended by using a polarographic microcell with miniaturized electrodes (Princeton Applied Research Corporation) and applied to the analysis of bromazepam in blood following a single oral dose of 3 mg.1289 No bromazepam metabolites are found in blood to any significant extent,1290 and hence the method could be used directly without separation of metabolites. The limit of sensitivity appeared to be about 10 ng ml−1, which is comparable with chromatographic detection limits for this compound. In a comparative study with a sensitive and specific gas-chromatographic method, a good agreement was found, confirming the specificity of the polarographic method for bromazepam.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Published in Stephen M. Stahl, Bret A. Moore, Anxiety Disorders: A Guide for Integrating Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy, 2013
Catherine M. Kariuki, Dan J. Stein
Benzodiazepines are known to possess anxiolytic properties. Alprazolam, bromazepam, and clonazepam have all been studied in double-blind trials and found to alleviate physiological symptoms of SAD. Owing to concerns about their potential for abuse and dependence, diversion, and toxicity in overdose, benzodiazepines are not considered first-line therapies for SAD (Connor et al., 1998; Stahl, 2008; D. J. Stein et al., 2010).
Safety of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy: update and therapy implications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2020
Thanuya Francis, Niroshan Francis, John H. Lazarus, Onyebuchi E. Okosieme
A preventative strategy of offering definitive therapy to hyperthyroid women of childbearing potential is the only option that truly reduces risks from hyperthyroidism in pregnancy but remains to be widely adopted by endocrinologists. Only half of survey respondents from international thyroid associations would offer definitive therapy with radioiodine or surgery to a hypothetical female patient with Graves’ disease who is planning pregnancy [110]. The new UK National Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines now recommend radioiodine as primary therapy for Graves’ disease [111] an approach which if adopted will see a reduction in the occurrence of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. It is disappointing that 76 years since the landmark use of thionamides in hyperthyroidism, alternative pharmacological agents with more favorable side effect profiles in pregnancy are lacking [112]. Alternative antithyroid medications such as lithium also raise concerns of teratogenicity and are unsuitable in pregnancy. A cohort study from another well-researched hospital database in Tokyo, Japan, showed that substituting potassium Iodide (KI) for MMI in early gestational Graves’ disease reduced the incidence of congenital anomalies (4% vs 1.5% in MMI vs KI groups) [113]. A subsequent report by the same group showed that KI was ineffective in a fifth of patients [114]. Others have reported successful use of low-dose thionamides with other adjunctive therapies including bromazepam [115] and L-carnitine [116] but the safety of these approaches in pregnancy are unknown.
Comedications influence immune infiltration and pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Anne-Sophie Hamy, Lisa Derosa, Constance Valdelièvre, Satoru Yonekura, Paule Opolon, Maël Priour, Julien Guerin, Jean-Yves Pierga, Bernard Asselain, Diane De Croze, Alice Pinheiro, Marick Lae, Laure-Sophie Talagrand, Enora Laas, Lauren Darrigues, Beatriz Grandal, Elisabetta Marangoni, Elodie Montaudon, Guido Kroemer, Laurence Zitvogel, Fabien Reyal
The PDX HBCx-8 xenograft was established from a triple-negative negative breast cancer as previously described81 The in vivo efficacy study was conducted by transplanting HBCx-8 tumor fragments into female 8-week-old Swiss nude mice that were randomly assigned to the control or treated groups (six mice per group) when tumors reached a volume of 60 to 200 mm3. Adriamycin, 2 mg/kg (Doxorubicin, Teva Pharmaceuticals) and cyclophosphamide, 100 mg/kg (Endoxan, Baxter), or docetaxel, 20 mg/kg (Taxotere, Sanofi-Aventis) were given as single injection at day 1 by intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intravenous (i.v.) injections. Bromazepam was given orally at 0.6 mg/kg 5 days/week until ethical sacrifice. Tumor growth was evaluated by measurement of two perpendicular diameters of tumors with a caliper twice per week. Individual tumor volumes were calculated as V = axb 2/2, a being the largest diameter, b the smallest. Mice were ethically sacrificed when the tumor volume reached 1500 mm3.
Pharmacological interventions for anxiety in Parkinson’s disease sufferers
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
Hideyuki Sawada, Atsushi Umemura, Masayuki Kohsaka, Satoshi Tomita, Kwiyoung Park, Tomoko Oeda, Kenji Yamamoto
Benzodiazepines are often used in the management of anxiety disorders. It relieves anxiety in the short term, but the effects gradually become attenuated. The effect of bromazepam was investigated in a placebo-controlled cross-over trial [35] and was reported to alleviate anxiety symptoms, unlike the placebo. Other clinical trials of benzodiazepines in PD have not been conducted. This is likely because benzodiazepines increase the number of falls and fractures in older people [36], and thus they cannot be recommended in patients with postural reflex disturbances.