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Avian Influenza Virus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, which is a nucleoside analog, and which has been primarily used for treating hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus, has been explored for use against influenza with animal models with some success.69–71 Ribavirin has not been approved for treating influenza in the United States, and clinical data from abroad are lacking and inconclusive,72 but some have successfully used it in combination with other anti-influenza drugs in a clinical setting.73
Human Coronavirus Respiratory Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Thomas Edward Cecere, Stephanie Michelle Todd, Owen Benjamin Richmond
During the 2003 SARS outbreak, several broad-spectrum antiviral drugs were tested in infected individuals but none were shown to have been effective, and several may have even had deleterious effects.74 Currently, no antiviral drugs have advanced to clinical testing in humans. More research is necessary in vitro and in vivo in animal models to ensure safety and efficacy.
Current Epidemiological and Clinical Features of COVID-19; a Global Perspective From China
Published in William C. Cockerham, Geoffrey B. Cockerham, The COVID-19 Reader, 2020
Huilan Tu, Sheng Tu, Shiqi Gao, Anwen Shao, Jifang Sheng
Identifying effective antiviral agents to combat the disease is urgently needed. Current guidelines26 recommend IFN-alpha, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, chloroquine phosphate, and arbidol as antiviral therapies. IFN-alpha is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that can inhibit the replication of animal and human coronaviruses,71,72 while lopinavir is a protein-ase inhibitor used to treat HIV infection, with ritonavir being used as a booster.73,74 In Korea, the viral load of one patient was reduced and clinical symptoms improved with combined administration of lopinavir and ritonavir.75 However, a randomized, controlled, open-label trial in China found that lopinavir/ritonavir cotreatment did not significantly enhance clinical improvement, reduce mortality, or diminish throat viral RNA detectability in seriously ill COVID-19 patients.76 The efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19 requires further clinical confirmation. Ribavirin, a synthetic guanosine analog and broad-spectrum inhibitor of RNA and DNA viruses, is frequently used for the treatment of SARS and MERS patients.77,78 Morgenstern et al.79 reported that, compared with single treatment, a combination of ribavirin and IFN-beta inhibited SARS-CoV replication when administered at greatly reduced concentrations. However, the use of ribavirin is associated with significant toxicity, including hemolysis and reduced hemoglobin levels,80 indicating that ribavirin should be used with caution as a treatment for COVID-19. Multicenter clinical trials conducted in China indicated that chloroquine phosphate, widely used to treat malaria and autoimmune diseases,81,82 may have some efficacy against COVID-19 associated pneumonia, with acceptable safety.83–85 Arbidol, a Russian-made small indole-derivative molecule, is used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza and other respiratory viral infections.86,87 Deng et al.88 found that arbidol combined with lopinavir/ritonavir might delay the progression of lung lesions and reduce the viral load in COVID-19 patients. Nearly all the mentioned drug options are associated with the treatment of SARS, MERS, or other new influenza viruses and additional randomized, prospective studies are still needed to determine their efficacy against COVID-19.
The mechanism and pharmacodynamics of 2-((1H-indol-3-yl)thio/sulfinyl)-N-pheny acetamide derivative as a novel inhibitor against human respiratory syncytial virus
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Ningning Cheng, Nan Jiang, Yuanhui Fu, Zhuxin Xu, Xianglei Peng, Jiemei Yu, Shan Cen, Yucheng Wang, Guoning Zhang, Yanpeng Zheng, Jinsheng He
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and belongs to the Pneumovirus family and the Orthopneumovirus genus1–4. It is 15.2 kb in length and contains 10 genes encoding 11 proteins, NS1, NS2, N, P, M, SH, G, F, M2-1, M2-2, and L5–8. RSV is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in nearly all children by 2-year-old globally and it was estimated that there were 3.2 million hospitalised cases and about 60,000 deaths annually9–12. RSV is also an important pathogen of severe lower respiratory tract disease in the elderly and adults with immunodeficiency disorders13,14. Unfortunately, there is no safe and effective vaccine licenced against RSV infection. Only ribavirin and palivizumab are the available drugs for the treatment of RSV infection15–18. Yet, being a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, ribavirin is not recommended due to its poor efficacy and side effects. Palivizumab, a costly humanised monoclonal antibody for RSV, can only be used to prevent RSV infection for the young and high-risk children born prematurely, with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease19–21. Therefore, the development of safe and effective anti RSV drugs has important clinical significance22–24.
Emerging therapeutics for the management of COVID 19
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2020
Sujit Kumar Debnath, Rohit Srivastava, Abdelwahab Omri
Galidesivir (an adenosine analog) is another investigational drug that was previously used against the Zaire Ebolavirus [103]. It is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug and is active against coronavirus [104]. Cellular kinases phosphorylate galidesivir to a triphosphate form that mimics ATP which can be used by viral RNA polymerases and the drug’s monophosphate nucleotide can be incorporated into the growing RNA chain, causing premature chain termination [105]. Thus this drug disrupts the viral replication process. Safety and pharmacokinetics clinical trials of galidesivir have been conducted in collaboration with NIAID. Both intravenous and intramuscular routes of administration have been explored in healthy subjects. Galidesivir has demonstrated activity against a variety of harmful pathogens (more than 20 RNA viruses in nine different families) in an animal model [106].
Treatments in the COVID-19 pandemic: an update on clinical trials
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2020
Yanyi Tao, Liang V. Tang, Yu Hu
COVID-19 belongs to the same genus of CoV as SARS-COV and MERS-COV, both of which are beta-cov. Whole genome sequencing showed that COVID-19 shared 79.5% of sequence identity with SARS-CoV [5]. In combination with the treatment experience of SARS-COV and MERS-COV, several potential drugs have been proposed for treatment of SARS-CoV-2, including arbidol, chloroquine, and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors (lopinavir/ritonavir), new nucleoside analogues (remdesivir, GS-5734) and convalescent plasma. As for clinical broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir, etc.) are not recommended for clinical use, since the coronavirus does not produce neuraminidase. In addition, nucleoside analogues are not recommended neither due to their little efficacy in vitro experiments or existing clinical studies. However, nucleoside analogues can be used in combination with interferon for antiviral treatment [6,7].