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Gustatory Mechanisms of a Specific Appetite
Published in Robert H. Cagan, Neural Mechanisms in Taste, 2020
This initial work in support of ion-channel mechanisms in salt taste transduction has begged for additional research with agents that could modify ion channels in other ways. Bretylium tosylate is one such agent that has the opposite effects of amiloride; that is, bretylium tosylate increases sodium transport across ion channels. Schiffman and colleagues135 recently reported that bretylium tosylate potentiates the perceived taste intensity of NaCl and LiCl in human subjects. They also reported that the responses of gustatory neurons in the NST to NaCl and LiCl are increased after topical application of bretylium tosylate to rat tongue. Furthermore, these potentiated salt taste responses in both humans and rats were reduced by amiloride. Thus, a reduction in Na+ transport decreases, while an enhancement in Na+ transport increases salt taste responses.
Paper 3 Answers
Published in James Wigley, Saran Shantikumar, Andrew Paul Monk, Stuart Blagg, Get Through, 2014
James Wigley, Saran Shantikumar, Andrew Paul Monk, Stuart Blagg
Hypothermia is defined as a core temperature below 35°C. It is graded as follows: mild 32°C–35°C, moderate 30°C–32°C, severe <30°C. In patients with trauma, however, a temperature below 36°C should be considered hypothermic (and below 32°C as severe hypothermia). The elderly are more susceptible to hypothermia (secondary to reduced heat production and vasoconstriction), as are children, due to a greater relative body surface area. The features of hypothermia include a reduced GCS, a grey cyanotic appearance, reduced heart rate and respiratory rate, as well as cardiac arrhythmias/asystole. Bretylium tosylate is the only dysrhythmic agent known to be effective in hypothermia but is no longer manufactured.
Impact of tetraplegia vs. paraplegia on venoarteriolar, myogenic and maximal cutaneous vasodilation responses of the microvasculature: Implications for cardiovascular disease
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2022
Michelle Trbovich, Yubo Wu, Wouter Koek, Joan Zhao, Dean Kellogg
While Kooijman, et al.27 found no differences in VAR/vascular resistance changes between persons with paraplegia and able-bodied controls using 30 mmHg cuff inflation, our study replicated methods and findings of Crandall, et al.17 and Okazaki, et al.13 who elicited VAR induced skin resistance changes using 40 mmHg cuff inflation. Others have reported this pattern of response is unaltered with proximal neural blockade,42 selective and non-selective alpha-2 antagonists (yohimbine and phentolamine),17 and adrenergic neurotransmission blockade (bretylium tosylate),17 suggesting that VAR is locally mediated. Regarding responses to limb dependency, two small SCI studies demonstrated that persons with higher PP (T4-9) had a significantly greater % drop in CVC during limb dependency in persons with low PP (T10-12) and AB controls, suggesting central SNS input may play a role.3,25 While these studies support an intact and potentially hyper-responsive VAR and MYO, it must be noted that both MYO and VAR are engaged during limb dependency and the relative contribution of MYO vs. VAR is not known. Furthermore, the impact of TP vs. PP on VAR and MYO has never been studied. We found no differences in cuff inflation (VAR) or limb dependency (VAR and MYO) responses based on limb or neuro status (TP vs. PP vs. AB). Notably, the TP group, with the most loss of autonomic control of blood pressure (based on ISAFSCI results of participants), and with a known higher incidence of OH in the population at large, also had intact SkVR responses with cuff inflation and limb dependency.