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Specific Infections in Children
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Neal Russell, Sarah May Johnson, Andrew Chapman, Christian Harkensee, Sylvia Garry, Bhanu Williams
Pertussis is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis, transmitted via inhalation of droplets from respiratory secretions. It can affect all ages but is more likely to affect those who are unvaccinated and adults (due to waning immunity).
Routine maternal immunizations for all pregnant women
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Pertussis is an acute respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. The organism produces multiple toxins that damage the respiratory epithelium and can have symptomatic effects including lymphocytosis. B. pertussis infection in adolescents and adults covers a spectrum of severity from asymptomatic to a mild cough illness to classic pertussis (14).
Paper 4
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, nMRCGP Applied Knowledge Test Study Guide, 2021
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
Whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis and treatment is essentially symptomatic. Erythromycin is useful in rendering a person non-infectious but does not alter the course of the disease. Children should be kept off school for 5 days after the start of medication.
Novel approaches to reactivate pertussis immunity
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Bordetella pertussis causes acute respiratory disease that manifests as a spasmodic, paroxysmal cough in young adults. In very young children, it is associated with apnea and cyanosis and can lead to very severe disease and death in infants under the age of one [1]. This disease severity and frequency led to the development of a whole-cell pertussis vaccine, which was first licensed in the US in 1914, and was combined with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (DTP vaccine) in the 1940s and introduced large scale into the pediatric immunization schedule in 1948, resulting in a marked drop in pertussis cases [2]. Nevertheless, concerns about the reactogenicity of whole-cell vaccine led to a refusal by many parents to vaccinate their children [3], which motivated manufacturers to develop in the 1980s new, less reactogenic pertussis vaccines. Sato and colleagues designed the first purified component acellular pertussis vaccine in Japan in 1981 [4]. Many other acellular vaccines were then developed and tested extensively in the 1990s [5]. These vaccines were composed of various pertussis antigens, such as the pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin adhesin (FHA), and pertactin (PRN). aP vaccines showed a better safety profile when compared with wP vaccines and were effective in preventing pertussis disease, at least in the short term [6]. As a result, these new vaccines were introduced in the pediatric immunization schedules of many high-income countries [7].
Pertussis-like syndrome often not associated with Bordetella pertussis: 5-year study in a large children’s hospital
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Qin Xiong, Shiying Hao, Lei Shen, Jian Liu, Tingting Chen, Guoqin Zhang, Yu-juan Huang
Pertussis, also called whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by Bordetellapertussis (B. pertussis). Typical symptoms of pertussis are paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, and post-cough vomiting. The course of the disease could last for 2 or 3 months [1,2]. Pertussis is more severe in infants less than 3 months. Paroxysmal cough can cause short breath or apnoea, which will increase the risk of life-threatening complications such as pneumonia, encephalopathy, and pulmonary hypertension [3]. A term pertussis-like syndrome (PLS) has been widely used as a clinical diagnosis for children presenting with symptoms and signs compatible with pertussis, but with indeterminate aetiology or without history of exposure to any confirmed pertussis case [4]. Pathogens of PLS include B. pertussis, other bordetella species, mycoplasma pneumonia, and chlamydia pneumonia, as well as other types of virus and bacteria [5–7].
A systematic review of the burden of pertussis disease in infants and the effectiveness of maternal immunization against pertussis
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Walid Kandeil, Caroline van den Ende, Eveline M. Bunge, Victoria A. Jenkins, Maria Angeles Ceregido, Adrienne Guignard
Pertussis (whooping cough) is a highly contagious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis outbreaks have a cyclical pattern with natural peaks that occur every 3–5 years. Pertussis is endemic worldwide and is still difficult to control, despite decades of universal childhood vaccination [1,2]. Despite high vaccine coverage with either whole-cell (wP) or acellular (aP) pediatric pertussis vaccines in most parts of the world, pertussis continues to cause a substantial disease burden. Pertussis incidence has also been steadily rising in the last two decades in several countries with high vaccination coverage. This resurgence may be explained by multiple factors, such as increased disease awareness and improved diagnosis, faster waning of immunity following vaccination with aP compared to wP vaccines, and/or genetic changes in the bacterium. While approximately 60% of pertussis cases occur in adults and adolescents, the highest incidence of disease and the highest mortality rates occur in infants aged <2 months who are too young to be vaccinated [3,4]. In 2013, the Global Burden of Disease Study estimated mortality due to pertussis in the first year of life to be approximately 400 per million live births, or approximately 56,000 deaths annually [5].