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Adaptive humoral immunity and immunoprophylaxis
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Mixed-component vaccines. The interest in developing safer vaccines for whooping cough led to the introduction of mixed-component acellular vaccines. The acellular pertussis vaccine is constituted by a mixture of inactivated pertussis toxin, a major determinant of the clinical disease, and one or several additional bacterial proteins, including adhesins (filamentous hemagglutinin) and outer membrane proteins (pertactin). These vaccines have replaced the old vaccine prepared with killed Bordetella pertussis.
Microorganisms
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Ursula Altmeyer, Penelope Redding, Nitish Khanna
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, is a Gram negative organism of the upper respiratory tract that is exceedingly fastidious and conventional culture of this organism for diagnostic purposes has now been entirely abandoned in favour of PCR and serology.
The use of Spheroids in the Study of Invasion
Published in Rolf Bjerkvig, Spheroid Culture in Cancer Research, 2017
Marc Bracke, Hans Romijn, Vakaet Luc, Barbara Vyncke, Marc de Mets, Marc Mareel
Pertussis toxin, produced by Bordetella pertussis, leads to a number of clinical and laboratory symptoms that are associated with whooping cough. The toxin provokes a high number of circulating lymphocytes because it inhibits adhesion and subsequent extravasation of these leukocytes.109 The molecular targets of pertussis toxin appear to be G-proteins. This phenomenon and the reported antithetic effect of pertussis toxin on invasion in the monolayer invasion assay110 prompted us to test the effect of the toxin on invasion in confronting cultures.
Safety and immunogenicity of an indigenously developed tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in adults, adolescents, and children in India
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Hitt J Sharma, Sameer Parekh, Pramod Pujari, Sunil Shewale, Shivani Desai, Anand Kawade, Mandyam Ravi, Jitendra Oswal, Saji James, N. Mahantashetti, Renuka Munshi, Apurba Ghosh, Venkateshwar Rao, Sundaram Balsubramaniam, P. Varughese, A. Somshekhar, Amy Sarah Ginsburg, Harish Rao, Manish Gautam, Sunil Gairola, Umesh Shaligram
A highly infectious disease, pertussis remains a significant public health concern globally [1]. Despite established infant and childhood immunization programs, which have reduced the burden of pertussis in childhood, in the last 30 years a resurgence of pertussis has been noted not only in high-income countries but also in many low- and middle-income countries [2]. Whether after vaccination against or infection with Bordetella pertussis, immunity can wane [3,4]. Waning immunity against pertussis enables increased susceptibility and a reservoir for further transmission and disease, sometimes with severe complications in those unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated vulnerable populations. In 2021, there were 28,871 pertussis cases globally and 593 were reported in India, which is a less number as compared to those reported in the year 2020 (69,552 cases globally and 12,566 cases in India) [5]. However, the true burden of pertussis is often underestimated, and there is much support for the expansion of routine vaccination to include booster doses for children at school entry, adolescents, and older adults [3,6,7].
Retrospective analysis of bacterial culture-confirmed pertussis cases in Beijing Children’s hospital from 2014 to 2019 reveals prevention and control of the grim situation in mainland China
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Dandan Liu, Qianqian Du, Lin Yuan, Qing Wang, Wei Shi, Qinghong Meng, Dan Yu, Kaihu Yao
B.parapertussis and B.bronchiseptica isolates, which may cause similar symptoms to B. pertussis [30], were rarely cultured in the present cases. The disease caused by B. parapertussis is usually milder than that caused by B. pertussis. The present detection rate of B.parapertussis was lower than those in other studies [30,31], which could be associated with the inclusion criteria that enrolled the patient with typical symptoms, as well as antibiotic usage. In addition to B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica, B. holmesii could also cause pertussis-like symptoms, which are increasingly reported in some countries nowadays, and could be misidentified frequently as B. pertussis in the past [32].The present study could not determine B. holmesii infections because cefalexin was added into the selective culture media, which inhibited the growth of B. holmesii [33]. Further surveillance of Bordetella spp. is necessary in order to investigate the epidemiology and clinical picture of Bordetella infections and to develop preventive measures.
A profile of the Simplexa™ Bordetella Direct assay for the detection and differentiation of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in nasopharyngeal swabs
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
The target for the identification of B. parapertussis is the IS1001. This sequence is also found in B. bronchiseptica. Commercial assays do not differentiate infection caused by this Bordetella species. Although these organisms are infrequently found as causative agents of pertussis-like infection, cases have been reported especially in immunocompromised patients [44]. The differentiation of Bordetella species is essential to evaluate the prevalence of circulating species. It is important to keep in mind that a vaccine is available only for B. pertussis. The ability to discriminate among the Bordetella species will provide knowledge about the etiology of Bordetella respiratory illnesses in all populations especially in debilitated or immunocompromised patients.