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Probiotics as HRV Vaccine Adjuvants in Gn Pigs
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
Dose effects of probiotics on modulating T cell immune responses have not been well studied. To address this question, we examined the dose effects of LA NCFM (NCK56) strain on IFN-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune responses induced by an oral rotavirus vaccine in Gn pigs (Wen et al., 2012b). The animal treatment groups included 1) high dose LA plus AttHRV vaccine (HiLA+AttHRV), 2) low dose LA plus AttHRV (LoLA+AttHRV), 3) AttHRV only, 4) high dose LA only (HiLA), 5) low dose LA only (LoLA), and 6) mock-inoculated control (mock). Gn pigs were orally inoculated at five days of age with the AttHRV vaccine at 5 × 107FFU per dose. A booster dose was given 10 days later at the same dose and route. Subsets of the pigs were euthanized at PID 28 to assess immune responses and the rest were challenged with the homotypic Wa strain VirHRV at a dose of 1 × 105FFU to assess protection from PCD 1 to 7. Pigs in the high dose LA groups were fed daily with 103to 109CFU/dose of LA for 14 days with 10-fold incremental dose increases every other day from 3−16 days of age. The accumulative total LA dose was 2.22 × 109CFU. Pigs in the low dose LA groups were fed with 103, 104, 105, 106, and 106CFU/dose of LA every other day from 3−11 days of age. The accumulative total LA dose was 2.11 × 106CFU. The accelerating LA dosing regimen was used to avoid diarrhea in newborn Gn pigs after initial colonization since the pigs do not have any maternal antibodies.
The Injection Pathway and Other Entry Channels
Published in Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari, Advances in Nanopathology From Vaccines to Food, 2021
Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari
Whatever the philosophical and cultural approach to vaccination, it must be recalled that vaccines are drugs. So, like all drugs, they are not equally active on all individuals, whatever is meant by activity, and they have contraindications (e.g. immunodepression, an ongoing pathological state, already acquired immunity, allergy to one or more components) and side effects. And, in particular, the duration of the immunity which may be acquired through vaccines is limited to some years, and thus, unlike what happens with the naturally acquired disease, booster doses are generally required. For that reason, not to make promises which can't be kept charging vaccines of expectations which go beyond their means, the concept of the so-called 'herd immunity'a should be revised in a more objective and rational way and more closely to facts.
Prescribing
Published in Vilius Savickas, Reem Kayyali, Neel Sharma, Student Success in the Prescribing Safety Assessment (PSA), 2020
Vilius Savickas, Reem Kayyali, Neel Sharma
The boy has all of his childhood immunisations up to date, including the primary immunisation for tetanus (at 2, 3 and 4 months). However, he has not had a booster dose of tetanus vaccine, which is recommended before the age of 5.
Immunogenicity and safety of seasonal influenza vaccines in children under 3 years of age
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Tia Aoun, Ray Borrow, Peter D. Arkwright
Seasonal influenza vaccines are effective and safe for the administration in children 6–35 months old. TIVs and QIVs demonstrate similar efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety profiles against Influenza A lineages. As for Influenza B lineages, QIVs have higher levels of immunogenicity due to the incorporation of the two circulating B lineages – B/Yamagata and B/Victoria, while TIVs only contain one. Valency of vaccines can be increased to include four strains without negatively affecting the reactogenicity profile. Furthermore, the administration of a booster dose 6–12 months following the last vaccination induces longer term protection against the virus in this age group. Finally, selecting vaccine strains that match the expected circulating strains of each season remains challenging and inconsistent at times.
Mpox: epidemiology, clinical manifestations and recent developments in treatment and prevention
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Nikil Selvaraj, Shreya Shyam, Puvin Dhurairaj, Kaviarasan Thiruselvan, Akil Thiruselvan, Yochana Kancherla, Pritika Kandamaran
The FDA has previously authorized vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV) for the treatment of vaccination-related side effects, such as progressive vaccinia and severe generalized vaccinia [18]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now has tecovirimat, cidofovir, and VIGIV accessible from the Strategic National Stockpile under Expanded Access Investigational New Drug (EA-IND) procedures for the treatment of OPXV infections in an epidemic [18]. State and territory health authorities in the United States can seek access to these pharmaceuticals through the CDC. The CDC is now working on an EA-IND for the use of brincidofovir in the treatment of OPXV infections. It is unclear what the best therapeutic course of action is for treating human MPXV infection. Antivirals have not been the subject of large-scale, randomized controlled studies for the treatment of OPXV infections. Human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, in vitro data, animal studies, case reports, and case series are all used to support current medication approvals and treatment strategies [18]. It is also important to note that breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals have been observed. Studies indicate that the application of booster doses for previously vaccinated individuals is becoming increasingly beneficial as protection from the original dose begins to fade [19].
Immune persistence induced by two-dose BBIBP-CorV vaccine with different intervals, and immunogenicity and safety of a homologous booster dose in high-risk occupational population
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Tian Yao, Xiaohong Zhang, Shengcai Mu, Yana Guo, Xiuyang Xu, Junfeng Huo, Zhiyun Wei, Ling Liu, Xiaoqing Li, Hong Li, Rongqin Xing, Yongliang Feng, Jing Chen, Lizhong Feng, Suping Wang
The primary immunological endpoints of the initial trials can be found in a previous publication [3]. Here, we report the results of the secondary and exploratory immunological endpoints. Secondary immunogenic endpoints included GMT of neutralizing antibody to live SARS-CoV-2, the positive rates of different criteria, and the constituent ratio of GMT of neutralizing antibodies (GMT 16–31, GMT 32–63, GMT 64–127, GMT 128–255 and GMT ≥ 256) at 3, 6, and 10 months after two doses and at day 28 after the booster dose. Exploratory immunogenic endpoints included the kinetics of antibody levels of different vaccination regimens and the predictive duration of booster-induced neutralizing antibody decline to the cutoff level of positive antibody response. The primary safety endpoints included adverse events within 7 days after the booster dose. Secondary safety endpoints were any adverse events within 28 days after booster dose vaccination across the three groups.