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An Introduction to the Immune System and Vaccines
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
There are several ways to become immune to a particular pathogen. In the process of passive immunization, antibodies themselves can be passed from mother to child in breast milk, for example, or through direct introduction of antibodies to an ill patient. Passive immunization usually offers temporary protection against a pathogen. In active immunization, getting the disease itself or a vaccination can create a long-lasting immunity (Marshall et al. 2018; Coico and Sunshine 2015). Vaccination can also reduce the number of susceptible individuals in the population, reducing the ability of the pathogen to spread (four factors governing spread of a pathogen from Chapter 1). Therefore, vaccination can protect others in the population who cannot be vaccinated (Piot et al. 2019).
Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
Many factors determine the nature and extent of the response to immunization. These attributes of the vaccine include the physical, chemical, and conformational state of the antigenic agent, i.e., its antigenicity and other factors including the route and timing of administration and the condition of the host at the time of immunization.
Communicable, infectious and parasitic conditions
Published in Jackie Musgrave, Health and Wellbeing for Babies and Children, 2022
Immunisation is defined asImmunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body's own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. (World Health Organisation 2019)
Monkeypox pandemic containment: does the ACAM2000 vaccine play a role in the current outbreaks?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Basant E. Katamesh, Maysa Madany, Fatma Labieb, Abdelaziz Abdelaal
The vaccine is given as a single dose by applying several pricks to the skin with the help of a bifurcated needle. This technique allows the inoculation of multiple portions of the vaccine into the skin surface. The occurrence of a skin reaction, termed ‘take,’ is indicative of vaccine efficacy. This ‘take’ involves the formation of a pustule in the skin at the site of vaccination. During this period, the individual can be infectious to others and infection can spread from the inoculation site to other body parts. Immunization is typically affirmed 28 days after vaccination [11]. ACAM2000 has been approved for usage in individuals between 18–64 years of age. Primary vaccination is contraindicated in cases of severe immune deficiency such as people living with HIV, people with a history of atopic dermatitis, pregnant (as fetal vaccinia is feared), breastfeeding women, in the presence of active exfoliative skin conditions, patients with underlying cardiac diseases or major cardiac risk factors, and those below the age of one [12].
Current evidence of COVID-19 vaccination-related cardiovascular events
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2023
Sajad Khiali, Afra Rezagholizadeh, Hossein Behzad, Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi, Taher Entezari-Maleki
The United States food and drug administration has currently approved two lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) and a recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus type 26 (Ad26) vector (Janssen) for the prevention of COVID-19 under an emergency use authorization (EUA) [51,109,110]. The CDC recommends vaccinating individuals over six months for immunization [107]. However, due to vaccine hesitancy and availability issues, the global proportion of the vaccinated population is below the herd immunity threshold [10]. Two well-known mRNA-based vaccines have received an EUA for use in children older than six months due to the well-documented data on their remarkable efficacy and safety in this population [111]. According to the CDC’s advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP), the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination continue to outweigh any reported risks. Nonetheless, more definitive information about possible adverse events after immunization could reduce vaccine hesitancy, contribute to the approval of other vaccines, and even lead to the development of safer vaccines [61,112].
Effects of Covid-19 fear on the attitudes toward Covid-19 vaccination in reproductive women
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Hamide Arslan Tarus, Rüveyda Ölmez Yalazı, Tuğba Öz, Nurdan Demirci
WHO defines immunization as the “resistance of an individual to an infectious agent with the help of the administration of a vaccine” and defines vaccines as “pharmaceutical products that enable our immune system to recognize and fight pathogens such as viruses and bacteria and protect our body against the diseases caused by them.” A safe, effective and inexpensive method of preventing life-threatening infectious diseases at all ages, vaccination’s main goal is to maintain “the overall health of individuals through the prevention of death, permanent disability, severe illness and disease.” Today vaccines are used to protect the health and general well-being of all individuals from different age groups, and the WHO reports the lives of millions of people around the world have been saved by immunization (WHO, 2020b).