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Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
The genus Peumus is reported to contain the toxins pachycarpine and terpineol. Leaves are said to contain the alkaloid boldine. Sparteine is also reported. The essential oil (2% of leaf) is stated to be chemically related to oil of Chenopodium. Grieve also lists the glucosides boldin or boldoglucin.2 Ascaridol and flavonoids are also reported. Bruns and Kohler257 found that the essential oil of boldo contained alpha-pinene (4.0%), camphene (0.6%), beta-pinene (0.8%), sabinene (0.8%), α-3-carene (0.5%), terpinolene (0.4%), limonene (1.6%), 1.8-cineole (16.0%), gamma-terpinene (1.0%), i-cymene (28.6%), 2-nonanone (0.4%), fenchone (0.8%), l-methyl-4-isopropenyl-benzene (0.3%), camphor (0.6%), linalool (9.1%), bonyl acetate (0.2%), alpha-fenchol (0.09%), terpinen-4-ol (2.6%), alpha-terpineol (0.9%), cuminaldehyde (0.3%), farnesol — no isomer given (0.4%), ascaridol (16.1%), alpha-methyl ionone (0.4%), methyl eugenol (0.5%), alpha-hexyl cinnamaldehyde (0.4%), diethyl phthal-ate (0.3%), coumarin (0.5%), and benzyl benzoate (0.4%) (trace amounts of 2-tridecanone, beta-iso-methyl ionine, 2-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-decanone, benzaldehyde, 2-undecanone, and myrtenal). According to Lawrence,31 that “Burns and Kohler257 found alpha-hexyl cinnamaldehyde and diethyl pthalate naturally occurring is very unlikely.” He thought it more likely that the authors obtained adulterated oil from a commercial house. “The authors should know that it is not nice to fool mother nature.”31
Inhibiting Insulin Resistance and Accumulation of Triglycerides and Cholesterol in the Liver
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Bile acids in the liver activate a nuclear receptor termed farnesoid X receptor that controls triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. With regard to cholesterol metabolism, this nuclear receptor induces the expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP) that inhibits CYP7A1, an enzyme also known as cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase, which catalyze the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol.35 Besides, activation of farnesoid X receptor prompts the secretion of bile acids and cholesterol into bile duct via the activation of hepatic ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCB11 and ABCG5/8, respectively.36 Natural products with the ability to activate farnesoid X receptor promote biliary cholesterol secretion and reduces fractional absorption of dietary cholesterol.37 The roots of Lindera strychnifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Fern.-Vill. contain isoquinoline alkaloids including boldine (Figure 3.3).38 Boldine given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks reduced the glycaemia of rodents poisoned with streptozotocin from 538.4 to 311.4 mg/dL, increased body weight, reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation, and increased hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity.39 Boldine is antioxidant as at a concentration of 100 µM prevented in vitro the generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production from hepatic mitochondria challenged with antimycin.39 In a subsequent study, boldine given to hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats on as part of 0.2% of high-sucrose diet for 6 weeks induced a decrease of glycaemia from 15 to 14 mmol/L, increased high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol from 0.8 to 0.9 mmol/L, triglycerides from 2.7 to 1.5 mmol/L, and bile acids from 5.5 to 2.7 µmol/L, whereas plasma cholesterol was unchanged.40 This alkaloid reduced hepatic triglyceride contents in high-sucrose diet rats from 4.9 to 4.2 µmol/L and improved hepatic cytoarchitecture.40 Boldine increased bile flow and bile acid secretion toward levels seen in control animals, increased hepatic glutathione contents, and increased the expression of transporters for bile acids, ATP-dependent human bile salt export pump (Bsep/ABCB11) and sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp).40 Boldine at a concentration of 5 µM evoked the activation of farnesoid X receptor in transfected HepG2 cells.41 Other hepatoprotective constituents in the roots of Lindera strychnifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Fern.-Vill. are sesquiterpenes of which bi-linderone and lindestrene.38 Lindestrene given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg, twice daily for 3 days, and 1 hour before galactosamine-induced hepatic insults evoked a decrease of plasmatic aspartate aminotransferase and GPT I Wistar rats.42 Bi-linderone at a concentration of 1 µg/mL protected HepG2 cells against glucosamine-induced inhibition of insulin receptor sensitivity as evidenced by increased expression of phosphorylated insulin receptor and phosphorylated Akt.43
Sub-chronic boldine treatment exerts anticonvulsant effects in mice
Published in Neurological Research, 2018
Leila Moezi, Siranoush Yahosseini, Akram Jamshidzadeh, Mona Dastgheib, Fateme Pirsalami
Boldine is an alkaloid which extensively is found in leaf ad bark of the Chilean boldo tree. Its antioxidant properties have been shown in numerous experimental models. It seems that diverse pharmacological activities of boldine such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour promoting, antipyretic, antiplatelet and cytoprotective are associated with the boldine ability to scavenge highly reactive free radicals [6]. In the present study, we investigated the sub-chronic effects of different doses of boldine on three experimental models of seizure including intraperitoneal and intravenous PTZ injection and electroshock.