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Introduction
Published in Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke, Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Samantha J. Stear, Hans Braun, Kevin Currell
Furthermore, DS with high amounts of anabolic steroids (e.g. stanozolol, boldenone, oxandrolone) were likely to have been intentionally faked with steroids, but not labelled correctly, due to steroids not being allowed in DS. Again not only is the consumption of such products an issue for anti-doping, but the high amounts (< 1mg/g) of steroids found in these products can also result in serious side effects such as abnormal liver function, menstrual disorders, virilisation, psychological or psychiatric disorders.
Medical Consequences of Anabolic Steroids
Published in John Brick, Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
James Langenbucher, Thomas Hildebrandt, Sasha J. Carr
However, if these are unworrisome findings, others breed concern. Most oral anabolics are human-grade pharmaceutical products, but their use is a small part of total exposure. Most use is of injectibles, where a very large proportion of testosterone stock, as well as all of the stock of the next two most popular injectibles, boldenone and trenbolone, are veterinary, and where an increasing amount of steroids is coming from “underground labs” rather than established pharmaceutical houses with established manunfacturing protocols. The risks of infection and deep muscle abscess from “dirty gear” (steroids with bacterial infiltrate) or, for that matter, from unsterile injection technique are a cause for concern.
Coupled Mass Spectrometic—Chromatographic Systems
Published in Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine, Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Anabolic steroid analysis has also benefited from application of HPLC/MS techniques. Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) and its 17-epimethandrostenolone metabolite were quantified using positive-ion APCI HPLC/MS/MS. The detection limit in a urine matrix was 180 ng/1, with a precision of 3% at the 16 μg/l level, and a linear dynamic range was at least three orders of magnitude.97 Stanozolol and several of its hydroxylated and dihydroxylated metabolites could be quantified by positive-ion APCI SRM after enzymatic hydrolysis of their glucuronide conjugates.98 The direct detection of intact sulfoconjugated hydroxy metabolites in human urine was also achieved. Quantitation of the sulfoconjugate of boldenone in urine was accomplished by negative-ion pneumatically assisted ES. Using SIM of the molecular anion, the limit of detection was 10 pg on-column and with a linear dynamic range of over 500 in the concentration range.99 Note again that ES ionization provides excellent detection limits for ionic compounds, but that APCI is more effective for nonionic species. Negative-ion MS/MS of the sulfoconjugates yields almost exclusively sulfate ion, and thus no structural information for confirmation of identity is provided as would be available with positive ionization. Kobayashi et al.100 analyzed 60 steroids by APCI and found that fragment ion correlated with their substituents in the 3- and 4-positions. We have also observed differences with ES in NH4+ adduct formation between steroids with a 3- vs. a 17-hydroxyl group, which may be helpful in grouping steroids in screening.101
The role of hormones in muscle hypertrophy
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2018
Julius Fink, Brad Jon Schoenfeld, Koichi Nakazato
The major AAS used by athletes can be divided into three groups [30]: Testosterone derivatives (T, Methyltestosterone, Methandrostenolone, Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone, Fluoxymesterone, Boldenone): The compounds in this group are known to induce fast strength and muscle gains but show a high rate of aromatization. Due to the high water retention caused by aromatization, they are mainly used in bulking cycles for quick mass gains.Dihydrotestosterone derivatives (Stanozolol, Oxandrolone, Oxymetholone, Mesterolone, Methenolone, Drostanolone): Even though most of these compounds are highly androgenic, they have a high binding affinity to the androgen receptor and are potent strength and muscle mass builders. Due to the DHT structure, these compounds cannot aromatize to estrogen. Therefore, these compounds are often used for cutting cycles and pre-contest.Nandrolone derivatives (Nandrolone, Trenbolone): Compounds in this group show the highest anabolic to androgenic ratio and have strong muscle building effects. However, administration of nandrolone derivatives can result in elevated progestogenic activity. The use of this group of AAS is versatile and is used for both bulking and cutting cycles.