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The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
The widespread use of pesticides has been particularly difficult to evaluate. Exposure levels now range from the low-body burden, almost ubiquitous in the world, to higher burdens among participants and bystanders in farm work, household extermination, and pesticide manufacture and formulation. The essential linkage between monitoring of pesticide body burden and epidemiologic surveillance of the same human populations has not ever been established. Migrant workers and particularly small tenant farmers provide a clear example of inadequate examination of populations exposed to a variety of organochlorinated and organophosphate pesticide, over a 20-year period. Today we do not know if there has or has not been an effect on their child bearing in terms of teratogenicity or any other aspect of adverse reproduction.
Exposure Assessment
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
In the 1970s, a positive correlation between child blood lead levels and lead in indoor dust was observed.101,102,173–178 Ratios of stable lead isotopes have been used to determine lead sources that contribute most to the body burden of lead in children.179 Biochemically, lead is similar to calcium and there is a reservoir of lead in bone.180–182 EPA’s Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition describes a study showing the decline in blood lead levels following closure of a smelter and remediation of individual yards as providing soil ingestion rates from these data. Similarly, work done at the Bunker Hill smelter site in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho was also cited as an example of biokinetic estimation of soil ingestion rate, but that work actually calculated lead intake and bioavailability from soil and dust rather than soil ingestion.183,184
Kinetics and Metabolism
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Gunnar F. Nordberg, Tord Kjellström, Monica Nordberg
It is important to stress the difficulties in interpreting cross-sectional data such as those in Figure 27. Cohort effects in the data may confuse the picture. No sufficient longitudinal data for urinary cadmium in humans are available. However, the animal studies strongly support a body burden relationship after long-term low level exposure. Taking all the data together, it is estimated that for humans about 0.005 to 0.007% of body burden is excreted daily in the urine (Section V.A.3). A proportion of the urinary cadmium is likely to be a function of daily intake (Section V.A.), but this may be quite small at long-term low level exposure.
Comparison of uptake and elimination kinetics of metallic oxide nanomaterials on the freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia magna
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Andrea Rivero Arze, Catherine Mouneyrac, Amélie Chatel, Nicolas Manier
The uptake and elimination profiles of the 12 tested NMs have been obtained by dosing the metal concentration in the exposed daphnids during the 24 h uptake phase and the 120 h elimination phase. Most of the tested NMs presented a rapid uptake during the first hours of exposure, ingestion was identified as the main influx route to the organisms and along with the strong external NMs adsorption to the carapace, they constitute the primary source of the detected total body burden concentration. This is corroborated by studies (Wray and Klaine 2015). The mass balance of the water concentration loss compared to the uptake concentration found in the daphnids at the end of the uptake phase shows that between 55% and 100% is found in the organisms, therefore due to the ingestion and attachment. No differentiation of the NMs from ingestion and from attachment is made for this study as they are considered as the whole NMs quantity that the organisms take from their environment. The rest may be lost due to (i) loosely attached NMs to the carapace that was missing during rising time, and (ii) precipitation of big NMs agglomerates that became not available for the water sampling.
Descriptive characteristics of occupational exposures and medical follow-up in the cohort of workers of the Siberian Group of Chemical Enterprises in Seversk, Russia
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Andrey B. Karpov, Ravil M. Takhauov, Andrey G. Zerenkov, Yulia V. Semenova, Igor M. Bogdanov, Svetlana B. Kazantceva, Aleksey P. Blinov, Dmitriy E. Kalinkin, Galina V. Gorina, Olesya V. Litvinova, Yuriy D. Ermolaev, Elena B. Mironova, Mikhail B. Plaksin, Anas R. Takhauov, Lydia B. Zablotska
As noted above, workers of Radiochemical, Plutonium, Enrichment and Sublimate plants of the SGCE could have been potentially exposed to uranium irradiation (more than 4000 workers). SGCE workers who form the ‘Uranium’ cohort may be exposed not only to uranium but also to external exposure (about 60%) and internal irradiation from incorporated plutonium. There are workplaces, however, where uranium is the main contributor to radiation, primarily at the Sublimate and Enrichment plants. There are workers who have data on hospital and/or outpatient biophysical examinations of uranium content in urine or the calculated results of the uranium body burden. Individual doses from uranium are in the process of being estimated so that the cohort can contribute to the international pooled analysis of uranium processing workers (iPAUW) (Zablotska 2019). Table 5 presents descriptive characteristics of the cohort of SGCE workers who were exposed to uranium. The majority of workers have individual measurements of uranium content in urine below 0.74 Bq (range: 0–21,083 Bq) and a cumulative dose of external exposure below 150 mSv (range: 0–1360 mSv). The vital status is known for about 75% workers of the Uranium cohort.
Persistent environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals in ovarian follicular fluid and in vitro fertilization treatment outcome in women
Published in Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020
Richelle D. Björvang, Pauliina Damdimopoulou
We choose to focus on POPs since organochlorine chemicals, which form a large part of the group, are historically the chemicals that are associated with disruption of reproductive activities in wildlife. They accumulate in humans with increasing age due to their long half-lives, and the levels therefore reflect the life-history of exposure. Currently, women postpone childbearing. The average age of first-time mothers in Sweden is 27.3 years for the whole country, and 30.3 years for its capital Stockholm (51). Delaying starting of a family means longer cumulative exposure to environmental factors, including POPs. Particularly for older women, whose oocyte quality is already declining (52), the increasing cumulative exposure to chemicals could further worsen the chances of pregnancy. In contrast to other EDCs that are easily metabolised such as phthalates, it is difficult to reduce the body burden of POPs only through lifestyle modification. For women, the body burden of lipophilic POPs is reduced when bearing a child because these chemicals cross the placenta and deposit to the foetus (53). In addition, they are also transferred to the neonate via breast milk (54).