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Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Epoxy resin monomers are strong skin sensitizers known to cause occupational allergic contact dermatitis. Diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and F (DGEBA and DGEBF) are widely used as components in epoxy resin products. Alternative compounds have been designed, synthesized, and assessed for sensitizing potency using in vivo murine local lymph node assay. Studies have shown that the allergenic effects of diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol F (DGEBF) depend on the absence of oxygen in the side chain of the molecule, known as the “terminal epoxide groups.”75 Thus, an epoxy resin that lacks oxygen in the side chain was considered promising and was synthesized. As predicted, the sensitizing potency was reduced by a factor of ten with the removal of the oxygen molecule. The technical properties of the newly synthesized polymer were not considered sufficient. Developing an alternative epoxy material is a delicate balance between allergenic activity and polymerization properties. The use of improved epoxy resin monomers with less skin sensitizing effects is one way to address contact allergy to epoxy resin.76
Environmental Chemicals and Risk of Uterine Leiomyomata
Published in John C. Petrozza, Uterine Fibroids, 2020
Two replacement chemicals for BPA (bisphenol S and bisphenol F) have been introduced to the market and are now part of the latest phenols panel that can be assayed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Besides BPA, its analogues (bisphenol S, bisphenol AF, bisphenol F, and tetrabromobisphenol) that were recently used as alternatives had similar actions to BPA. Human fetal testes exposed to 10-nM BPA, bisphenol S, or bisphenol AF had lower basal testosterone secretion.150 Adult male rats exposed to different doses of bisphenol S (1–50 μg/kg BW/day) had significantly higher testicular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lower testosterone levels.151 Male rats exposed to bisphenol AF (50 and 200 mg/kg BW/day) for 14 days had lower testosterone production and Star expression levels.152 BPA, bisphenol F, and tetrabromobisphenol antagonized human androgen receptors with IC50 values of 39, 20, and 982 nM, respectively.153
Comparative evaluation of the effects of bisphenol derivatives on oxidative stress parameters in HepG2 cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Busra Ozyurt, Gizem Ozkemahli, Anil Yirun, Aylin Balci Ozyurt, Merve Bacanli, Nursen Basaran, Belma Kocer-Gumusel, Pinar Erkekoglu
Considering the potential adverse health effects of BPA, different bisphenol analogs, such as bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS), are now being used as alternatives to BPA (Maćczak et al. 2017). BPF is frequently used as an alternative to BPA in BPA-free products, epoxy resins, industrial coatings, and water pipes (Fromme et al. 2002). Studies evaluating the toxic effects of BPF are insufficient. In a few in vivo and in vitro studies, exposure to BPF has been shown to affect levels of estrogens, androgens, and thyroid hormones (Rochester and Bolden 2015). Cabaton et al. (2009) have shown that BPF has endocrine disrupting and genotoxic effects (Cabaton et al. 2009). There is not enough information about the biotransformation of BPS and BPF in the literature. However, a limited number of studies have shown that the biotransformation of BPF was similar to BPA. Due to its stability in high temperature and resistance to sunlight, BPS is used in various industrial products such as epoxy resins, cans, and thermal papers as an alternative to BPA (Vandenberg 2014). However, there is not sufficient information on the toxic effects of BPS in humans.
The effects of bisphenols on the cardiovascular system
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Patrícia Dias, Václav Tvrdý, Eduard Jirkovský, Marija Sollner Dolenc, Lucija Peterlin Mašič, Přemysl Mladěnka
Unfortunately, all these global regulations have led BPA to be increasingly replaced by other bisphenols, known as “BPA-free” products or labelled as next-generation (NextGen) bisphenol analogues. However, there is a lack of clinical or even experimental studies verifying their safety (Liu et al. 2019; den Braver-Sewradj et al. 2020). Bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) are most commonly used as BPA substitutes, but there is a number of other bisphenols whose toxicological profiles are generally far less well known than those of BPA. Like BPA, BPF and BPS are also suspected of being endocrine disrupting chemicals and hence exhibiting hormonal activity, with similar average oestrogenic and androgenic potency in various in vitro tests (Catenza et al. 2021). A recent report by the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA) shows that almost all tested alternatives to BPA may also have endocrine disrupting properties (Eilebrecht et al. 2019). It appears that the EU's decision to phase out BPA without also restricting the use of alternative bisphenols has led to a likely increase in exposure to other bisphenols, including those for which there is evidence that they may be harmful to human health, such as BPS (Bousoumah et al. 2021). Therefore, many EU countries have proposed to thoroughly investigate the activity of BPA alternatives and regulate their status similar to BPA (PlasticsEurope 2022).
Exposure of BPA and its alternatives like BPB, BPF, and BPS impair subsequent reproductive potentials in adult female Sprague Dawley rats
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Saman Ijaz, Asad Ullah, Ghazala Shaheen, Sarwat Jahan
Bisphenol F (BPF) is an aromatic organic compound widely used in the industrial and several household products such as plastics, pipes, dental sealants and in the stuff food packages (Liao and Kannan 2014b; Pivnenko et al. 2015; Rochester and Bolden 2015). In addition to BPA, BPF has also been known as an EDC and is found in drinking water and it transfers in water through pipes made of BPF (Perez et al. 1998; Zoeller et al. 2005; Zou et al. 2012). BPF is also found in many food items such as fruits, vegetables, meat, beverages, candies, and tin cans (Gallart-Ayala et al. 2011). Recently, traces of BPF have also been found in human urine samples and it is also believed that it affects the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis (HPG axis) and is also found in different organs (Zhou et al. 2014). Studies indicated that BPF is absorbed into the reproductive tract and pass through the placental barrier in pregnant rats (Cabaton et al. 2006; Castro et al. 2015; Rochester and Bolden 2015).