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Environmental Toxins
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical used to make certain plastics. BPA is used in a variety of products in the home, including food/beverage storage containers, toys, and food can linings. Phthalates are chemicals used to make plastics more durable. They may also be used to help other products dissolve (such as hair sprays—allowing them to form a flexible film on hair).
Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Plastics are synthetic organic polymers. They are composed of hydrocarbons that are prepared from fossil fuel (petroleum) or other products under the action of heat (214). Plastics liberate their toxic monomers, bisphenol-A (BPA) and di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), during decomposition into the environment or during contact with foods or human tissues. BPA and DEHP are well-known strong endocrine disruptors which can interfere with human hormone systems, and consequently, can engender a number of diseases such as infertility, sex deformation, retardation of brain development in children, and cancers of prostate, breast, thyroid (213). At present, BPA has been one of the first plastic materials to be recognized for its potential harm by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (213). In response to such concerns, BPA also recently has been banned in the United States as well as in Canada and the European Union from use in infant bottles and spill-proof cups for toddlers. Do not heat or boil food in plastic containers by microwave. Replace plastic items with porcelain or glass objects. Detectable levels of bisphenol A have been found in the urine of 95% of the adult population of the United States (213).
Pregnancy
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Nancy L. Eriksen, Kristi R. VanWinden, Anne Bingham, John McHugh
Endocrine disruptors including bisphenol -A (BPA) are known to have a negative impact on fertility and the future health of offspring. In utero BPA exposure influences the levels of leptin and adiponectin, increasing the risk of childhood obesity. It is also associated with an increase in anxiety, depression, and impaired memory.15 Animal studies have demonstrated epigenetic changes secondary to maternal exposure to endocrine disruptors impacting the expression of neuroendocrine genes implicated in alterations in social behavior, learning, and anxiety.15
Boswellic acid protects against Bisphenol-A and gamma radiation induced hepatic steatosis and cardiac remodelling in rats: role of hepatic PPAR-α/P38 and cardiac Calcineurin-A/NFATc1/P38 pathways
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Noura M. Thabet, Mohamed K. Abdel-Rafei, Enas M. Moustafa
In daily life, people are inevitably exposed to trace amounts of Bisphenol-A (4, 4′-isopropylidene-2-diphenol, BPA) because of its use in the production of materials that have major applications in our lives such as baby bottles, coating of food cans, microwave ovenware, reusable plastic bottles, plates, cups, goblets and food or beverage containers. BPA is an environmental chemical monomer widely used for many years in the production of materials such as polycarbonate and epoxy resins. BPA has raised concerns in relation to some human chronic diseases such as birth defects, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, liver and kidney diseases and breast cancer due to toxicity of BPA induced damage depends on induction of oxidative stress, immune dysfunction and endocrine disruption (Rezg et al.2014, Xia et al.2014). Besides, in everyday life, living organisms are exposed to ionising radiation (IR) which becomes a phenomenon–potentially increased risk for adverse human health effects. From different natural and manmade sources, wide varieties of individuals and societies are exposed to IR especially workers in the radiation field and nuclear power industry, patients undergoing routine diagnostic and/or radiotherapy procedures in addition to medical staff inadvertently exposed to some degree of radiation. IR-induced tissues damage occurs through amplified endogenous signalling and culminating of oxidative stress in a coordinate series of events that are damaging to many cellular macromolecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins (Reisz et al.2014, Thabet and Moustafa 2018).
The effects of bisphenols on the cardiovascular system
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Patrícia Dias, Václav Tvrdý, Eduard Jirkovský, Marija Sollner Dolenc, Lucija Peterlin Mašič, Přemysl Mladěnka
Bisphenols are synthetic compounds used frequently in industry to produce polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins lining food and beverage cans, and are used as flame retardants, in dental sealants, thermal paper, cigarette filters and other daily use products such as compact discs, etc. (Staples et al. 1998; Vandenberg et al. 2007, 2010). Depolymerisation of these products and traces of unreacted bisphenols from manufacturing processes cause bisphenols to leach into the environment, food, beverages, and even infant formula (Brotons et al. 1995). Literally, bisphenols are detectable worldwide in the environment, food, drinking water, sewages, animal or human blood, and urine samples. Studies and meta-analysis revealed bisphenols in all world regions, even in rural parts in Africa, with higher levels in industrial regions (Karalius et al. 2014; Zhu et al. 2019; Colorado-Yohar et al. 2021; Rotimi et al. 2021; Catenza et al. 2021).
Toxicity of bisphenol analogues on the reproductive, nervous, and immune systems, and their relationships to gut microbiome and metabolism: insights from a multi-species comparison
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Callie M. McDonough, Hannah Shibo Xu, Tai L. Guo
A literature review of the various bisphenols and their effects was carried out in both Google Scholar and PubMed platforms and using a variety of search terms including “BPA”, “bisphenol A”, “bisphenol A toxicity”, “bisphenol analogs/analogue”, “bisphenol developmental”, “bisphenol reproductive”, “bisphenol immune”, “bisphenol nervous”, “bisphenol microbiome”, “bisphenol metabolism”, “bisphenol S”, and “bisphenol F”. Results were confined from the year 2000–2020. Each reference was read, summarized into one of the supplemental tables, and examined for additional relevant sources. This review focused on BPA analogues; therefore, the references that only discussed BPA were excluded, unless they are vital for comparison or extrapolation of the analogues. We conducted a review of the reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, metabolic toxicity, and gut microbiome toxicity of the BPA analogues in various species to better understand their varying sensitivity to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).