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Exopolysaccharide Production from Marine Bacteria and Its Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Prashakha J. Shukla, Shivang B. Vhora, Ankita G. Murnal, Unnati B. Yagnik, Maheshwari Patadiya
Marine bacterium Hahella chejuensis belonging to phylum Proteobacteria, isolated from the sediment sample of Marado, Cheju Island, Korea, has been reported to synthesize copious amounts of glucose- and galactose-rich EPSs when grown in a sucrose-containing medium. These EPSs are used as biosurfactants for detoxifying polluted environments, such as those contaminated with petrochemical oils (Ko et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2001). EPSs from Bacillus and Microbacterium sp., having significant concentrations of hexosamines and uronic acids, possess biosurfactant activity. The unique anionic nature of these EPSs can chelate cations, which is applicable in bioremediation processes. EPSs from halophilic Bacillus sp. have tissue regeneration property (Ortega-Morales et al., 2005). EPSs from three novel halophilic species, Idiomarina fontislapidosi, I. ramblicola and Alteromonas hispanica, have been reported for emulsification and metal-chelating activities (Mata et al., 2008). Halomonas alkaliantarctica strain CRSS isolated from the Salt Lake in Cape Russell in Antarctica synthesized EPSs with high viscosity, primarily constituting glucose and fructose (Poli et al., 2007).
Fungal Lipids
Published in Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
Earlier reports of this group of fungal lipids include mono- and polyacylglucoses from Agaricus bisporus,106 acyltrehalose from Claviceps purpurea107 and Aureobasidium pullulans108 and a tetra-acyl-β-mannosyl-erythritol from U. zeae.109,110 Industrial application of fungal mannosyl-erythritol lipids and related metabolites as biosurfactants has resulted in a rapid increase in the information concerning their composition and properties in recent years.94,95,111
Host–Biofilm Interactions at Mucosal Surfaces and Implications in Human Health
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Nityasri Venkiteswaran, Kassapa Ellepola, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Yuan Kun Lee, Kia Joo Puan, Siew Cheng Wong
The vaginal mucosal epithelium is a non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. Vaginal epithelial cells lack a robust intercellular junction, thus making them permeable to microbial products and inflammatory mediators. The resident vaginal microbiota metabolise glycogen to glucose and subsequently ferment this glucose to lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Thus, a low pH of 3.8–4.2 is maintained. They also secrete bacteriocins and other organic products that have antibacterial properties against invading pathogens. However, these secretions also include certain biosurfactants that enable attachment to the epithelial cells and promote aggregation of different species of bacteria for the formation of mucosal biofilms [68–70].
Study of biosurfactant extract from corn steep water as a potential ingredient in antiacne formulations
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Lorena Rodríguez-López, Myriam Rincón-Fontán, Xanel Vecino, José M. Cruz, Ana B. Moldes
In this regard, a correct skin care results fundamental in order to weak or, in the best cases, eliminate acne vulgaris. Traditionally, soaps and synthetic detergents were the first option with the aim of removing unwanted impurities, bacteria or dead skin cells, and preparing the skin for a good treatment (4). However, it has been demonstrated that the use of synthetic surfactants can cause side effects such as irritancy and dermatitis, among others (5–7). Therefore, some authors have proposed the use of microbial detergents, named biosurfactants, for personal care applications (8–10). Biosurfactants, as their synthetic counterparts, are surface-active compounds, but composed of biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and/or hydrocarbons (11–14). Biosurfactants are produced by microorganisms, under controlled or spontaneous fermentations (15,16) using no petrochemical raw materials. Their structures convert biosurfactants into more biocompatible compounds, with less side effects and more biodegradable, having the same properties and applications than synthetic detergents. Hence, they are of especial interest for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry (8,10,12,15).
Molecular insights into probiotic mechanisms of action employed against intestinal pathogenic bacteria
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Winschau F. van Zyl, Shelly M. Deane, Leon M.T. Dicks
The production of biosurfactants by some LAB is another mechanism that can interfere with pathogen growth in the GIT. Biosurfactants are a group of compounds with surface and emulsifying activities used in many different biomedical applications.188,189 Several LAB strains have been isolated that produce either cell-bound or secreted biosurfactants with antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties.188–193 Biosurfactants cause permeabilization of cells by effecting changes that disrupt or lyse the physical cell membrane structure.194 The use of biosurfactant-producing lactobacilli in the prevention of urogenital tract infections is of considerable interest.188 These organisms are believed to compete with urogenital bacterial pathogens and yeast for adhesion sites on epithelial cells and control their growth by the production of biosurfactants.195–197 In another study, L. casei MRTL3 that produces a bacteriocin and a biosurfactant, inhibited a broad range of pathogens, including L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, Shigella flexneri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.198
Antifungal activity of clinical Lactobacillus strains against Candida albicans biofilms: identification of potential probiotic candidates to prevent oral candidiasis
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Rodnei Dennis Rossoni, Patrícia Pimentel de Barros, Janaina Araújo de Alvarenga, Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro, Marisol dos Santos Velloso, Beth Burgwyn Fuchs, Eleftherios Mylonakis, Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge, Juliana Campos Junqueira
The biofilms were also evaluated by SEM analysis in which adherence of Lactobacillus strains on C. albicans yeasts was observed, showing an intimate association between these two microorganisms. In addition, it was possible to verify a reduction in the number of yeast cells and hyphae of C. albicans when the single biofilm was compared to the mixed biofilm for all the C. albicans strains in this study. According to the SEM images, L. paracasei 28.4 reduced the adhesion of C. albicans cells to the plastic surface, and this probably caused the reduction in the C. albicans CFU counting and total biomass assay. Biosurfactants are microbial compounds (eg exometabolites of lactobacilli) that reduce the hydrophobicity of the surface substratum and consequently alter microbial adhesion (Satpute et al. 2016; Sharma and Saharan 2016). Ceresa et al. (2015) showed that the biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus brevis was able to reduce adhesion and biofilm formation in C. albicans by up to 90% on silicone pads. This mechanism may have acted to reduce the adhesion of C. albicans to Lactobacillus-treated biofilms in this study.