China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Rationale and technique of malaria control
Published in David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles, Essential Malariology, 2017
David A Warrell, Herbert M Gilles
Some insecticides (such as dichlorvos) have a low vapour pressure and volatilize spontaneously. This fumigant action has been proposed for aircraft disinsectization. However, this insecticide is no longer recommended for this purpose. Instead, aerosol applications of resmethrin, bioresmethrin, d-phenothrin or permethrin, each with 2 per cent active ingredient in dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) and chlorotrifluoromethane (Freon 3), have been recommended either before take-off (blocks away) or upon arrival. The use of chlorofluoromethanes as aerosol propellants is now questioned on environmental grounds. Recommendations have been made for the use of permethrin at a rate of 0.2 g a.i./m2 on exposed surfaces of the aircraft cabin and cargo holds and at the rate of 0.5 g a.i./m2 on the floor covering in the passenger cabin. The insecticide usually remains effective for up to 8 weeks and retreatment can be carried out to fit aircraft maintenance procedures.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Some commercial pyrethroids are found in the following: allethrin (Pynamin), bifenthrin, bioresmethrin, cypermethrin (Ripcord), decamethrin, fenothrin, fenpropanate, fenvalerate (Belmark, Pydrin), permethrin (Ambush, Ectiban, Pounce), phthalthrin or tetramethrin (Neo-Pynamin), and resmethrin (Synthrin, Chrysron).
Pyrethroid based pesticides – chemical and biological aspects
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Anandha Rao Ravula, Suresh Yenugu
The first synthetic pyrethroids, allethrin and bioallethrin were developed in 1949. Resmethrin, the first generation synthetic pyrethroid was developed from naturally occurring pyrethrins by altering their structure to increase stability in sunlight and insecticidal activity in 1962. Bioresmethrin from resmethrin was produced in 1967 followed by commercial exploitation during late 1960s. Two new pyrethroids, cypermethrin and deltamethrin were also developed as potent insecticides (Khambay 2002). By 1983, pyrethroids were applied to crops in over 33 million hectares annually and constituted to 25.1% of global insecticide market (Casida and Quistad 1998). In late 1980s, World Health Organization (WHO), recommended use of pyrethroids including deltamethrin and permethrin owing to the less environmental persistency and toxicity to humans and other mammals. Pyrethroids such as cypermethrin and deltamethrin were used in long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for malaria control programme of WHO (Khambay 2002).