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Head and Neck
Published in Adnan Darr, Karan Jolly, Jameel Muzaffar, ENT Vivas, 2023
Hannah Nieto, Theofano Tikka, Adnan Darr, Karan Jolly, Paul Pracy, Vinidh Paleri
History: Onset, periodicity, increase in sizeRed flags: Dysphagia, dysphonia, dyspnoea, odynophagiaPMH: History of salivary calculi/sialadenitisPrevious salivary gland surgeryTrauma, dental workSH: SmokingDrinkingBetel nut chewing
Data and Picture Interpretation Stations: Cases 1–45
Published in Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, ENT OSCEs, 2023
Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Livy Kenyon, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar
List three risk factors SmokingExcessive alcohol consumptionBetel nut chewing
Miscellaneous Abused Drugs
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
Betel nut chewing is limited to those from South Asia and the Malaysia area, where some quarter of a billion persons are daily users. It is available in Oriental stores in America. Three ingredients (Areca catechu nut, calcium hydroxide, and betel fruit, Piper betel) are placed in the mouth and chewed. The taste is unpleasantly astringent and bitter, but alkaloids are absorbed that are stimulatory with effects not unlike coca leaves.
Follow or resist: the choices of newcomers in a betel-nut-dependent environment
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Hong Wen, Hong Zheng, Feifei Du, Lifang Li, Yuling Li
This paper conducted a study on betel nut preference and dependence amongst newcomers in a culture wherein betel nut chewing is considered the norm. The results indicate that newcomers who enter this environment are likely to develop a dependence on potential betel nuts. With exposure to betel nut advertisements and friends who are into betel nut chewing, newcomers will consciously or unconsciously regard this behavior as a matter of course. They might even agree with the information about the various functions of betel nuts from advertisements or friends. Once they acquire a high functional perception of betel nuts, newcomers will have greater intention to adopt the behavior easily. As they start experimenting, the social satisfaction they derive from betel nut chewing and its addictive ingredients, such as arecoline, are likely to push them toward betel nut dependence. This is the process by which newcomers form betel nut dependence in a betel nut-dependent environment.
Arecoline ameliorates hyperthyroid condition in mice under cold stress
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018
Romi Dasgupta, Indraneel Saha, Aniruddha Maity, Prajna Paramita Ray, B. R. Maiti
Betel nut chewing is a very common habit of the people in developing countries for increased capacity to work, heightened alertness and several other functions (Dasgupta et al. 2017). It contains a huge amount of alkaloid, arecoline, which has some therapeutic values for the treatment of Alzheimer, psychosis and schizophrenic subjects (Dasgupta et al. 2006). In addition, it has several untoward side effects on endocrine and gonadal functions. Arecoline causes hypothyroidism in mice (Dasgupta et al. 2010a), but stimulates adrenal and testes functions in rats (Saha et al. 2007, Dasgupta et al. 2010b). Adrenal corticosterone level is increased with the decrease of adrenomedullary hormonal levels following arecoline treatment in mice (Dasgupta et al. 2010b). Saha et al. (2007) have reported that serum testosterone production and sex-hormone dependent sex accessories functions are stimulated by arecoline treatment in rats (Saha et al. 2011). Since betel nut is chewed by millions of people nearly for lifetime, its long-term effect in those who work in cold environment for a long time for their routine job might affect their normal health, including general physiology and especially endocrine functions. In this article, we have investigated the role arecoline on thyroid activity in cold stress in mice.
A Discourse Analysis on Betel Nut Chewing in Hunan Province, China
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2021
Based on the different attitudes toward the betel nut chewing, this article provides suggestions for policy makers, from the perspective of the public health. With the potential health risks, lowering or even stopping betel nut chewing is in accordance with the protection of pubic interests. There is an urgent need to take measures to control its spread. For this reason, it is necessary to regulate and restrict the production and sale of betel nuts by setting up national standards. The habit of betel nut chewing is culturally, historically, and socially bound with a long history (Anderson 2007). Chewing betel nuts is a habit difficult to discourage. The efforts to control the habit have been less ambitious, and generally less successful. The time-proven approaches to curbing addiction are taxation and smuggling prevention, the application of health warning labels, pregnancy warnings, age limits on consumers, advertisement bans, restricted use in public spaces and the workplace, and educational, health, and media campaigns (World Health Organization 2004). Second, it is difficult to cancel the huge industry, thus it may be possible to undertake a gradual transformation of the industry, or upgrade the technology of betel nut processing so as to reduce the harm of chewing. Third, for the benefit of the general public, government health policies would have to overcome enormous obstacles posed by powerful industrial lobbies with great influence on the political, scientific, and academic circles as well as the mass media. Compared with the high medical cost for the diseases related to betel nut chewing, stopping betel nut chewing may be beneficial. In contrast to tobacco and alcohol industries, the betel nut trade is much smaller and limited now to small areas. However, it may expand without any prevention and intervention. The government should act before it is too late.