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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
In various studies, the presence of benzyl salicylate in cosmetic and sometimes other products has been investigated. Before 2006, most investigators used chemical analysis, usually GC-MS, for qualitative and quantitative determination. Since then, the presence of the target fragrances was usually investigated by screening the product labels for the 26 fragrances that must be labeled since 2005 on cosmetics and detergent products in the EU, if present at > 10 ppm (0.001%) in leave-on products and > 100 ppm (0.01%) in rinse-off products. This method, obviously, is less accurate and may result in underestimation of the frequency of the fragrances being present in the product. When they are in fact present, but the concentration is lower than mentioned above, labeling is not required and the fragrances’ presence will be missed.
Dispelling myths about sunscreen
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Sabrina Lichon Bennett, Amor Khachemoune
Sunscreens are an important tool used to protect the skin against harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The history of sunscreen can be traced back to the Egyptians, whose culture placed high value on lighter skin. They used ingredients such as rice bran, jasmine, and lupine to avoid the tanning effects of the sun (1). Modern sunscreens did not emerge until the 1930s. Two individuals are credited with the creation of the first sunscreens: Eugene Schueller and Franz Greiter. In 1935, Schueller, the founder of L’Oréal, created an oily sunscreen called ‘Ambre Solaire,’ which contained benzyl salicylate (1). Three years later, Greiter, an Austrian scientist and avid climber, became sunburnt while climbing the alpine peak Piz Buin. This spurred him to found the company Piz Buin and create the sunscreen called ‘Glacier Cream’ in 1946 (2).
Tier-based skin irritation testing of hair cleansing conditioners and their constituents
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2019
Ernest S. Fung, Rachel M. Novick, Derek A. Drechsel, Kevin M. Towle, Dennis J. Paustenbach, Andrew D. Monnot
In the tier one in silico screening test, behentrimonium methosulphate, behentrimonium chloride, benzyl salicylate, cetrimonium diacetate, dicetyldimonium chloride, hexyl cinnamal, hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC), tocopherol, and vitis vinifera (grape) seed oil received structural alerts for skin irritation. It is important to note that in silico analyses do not consider the concentration of ingredients in the final product when predicting the risk of skin irritation. There is evidence in the literature that some of these compounds or similar compounds may be irritants at certain concentrations. For example, some studies on cetrimonium chloride have indicated that it may be an irritant at concentrations above 1%9. In addition, the SCCS concluded that the “at higher exposures, [HICC] may have some irritant potential for skin…, [however] under conditions of actual use, no irritant effect is to be expected”10, p. 45. A RIFM analysis reported that benzyl salicylate was “essentially non-irritating” at concentrations in cosmetic products likely encountered by consumers11, p. S341. Furthermore, the CIR expert panel concluded that trimoniums, tocopherol, and vitis vinifera (grape) seed oil were widely used in personal care products and were safe to use in the present practices of use and concentration9,12,13. No experimental data were available regarding the skin irritation potential of dicetyldimonium chloride or hexyl cinnamal in the reviewed literature.
Examining the autoimmune aspects of frontal fibrosing alopecia
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Hassiel Aurelio Ramírez-Marín, Antonella Tosti
Contact sensitization is frequent among FFA patients especially for chemicals found in sunscreens, fragrances, and leave-on cosmetics such as benzyl salicylate, salicylic acid, propolis, and shellac [25,26] although a causal relationship has not been demonstrated,