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Safety and Efficacy of Sunscreen Formulations Containing Carrier or Non-Carrier-Based UV-Filters
Published in Andreia Ascenso, Sandra Simões, Helena Ribeiro, Carrier-Mediated Dermal Delivery, 2017
Carolina Gomes Benevenuto, Lorena Rigo Gaspar
Among the high molecular weight UV-filter molecules (over 500 Daltons) are bemotrizinol (MW = 629 Dalton) and ethylhexyl triazone (MW = 823 Dalton). Their high molecular weight reduces their skin penetration [33] and they are also used to stabilize or even replace avobenzone due to their high photostability [53,55].
Novel Developments in Photoprotection: Part I
Published in Henry W. Lim, Herbert Hönigsmann, John L. M. Hawk, Photodermatology, 2007
Over the last 5 to 10 years, a number of photostable UV filters that cover UVA or both the UVB and UVA range have been developed and approved in the European Union (25) (Fig. 1). In 2006, three of these new ingredients, Mexoryl® SX, Tinosorb® M, and Tinosorb® S, are at various stages of approval process by the U.S. FDA. Approved in 1993, TDSA (ecamsule; Mexoryl® SX) was the first photostable UVA filter. It is water-soluble, that is, will be in the water phase of an emulsion system and can thus act synergistically together with filters in the oil-phase. The TDSA is also used together with stabilized avobenzone and UVB filters to give equal coverage of UVB and UVA.Approved in 1998, drometrizole trisiloxane (DTS; silatriazole; Mexoryl® XL) was the first photostable broad-spectrum filter. Siloxane groups were added to the benzotriazole chromophore for better water resistance.Approved in 2000, MBBT (bisoctrizole; Tinosorb® M) is a photostable broad-spectrum UV filter with strong absorption both in UVB and UVA. Its unique feature is that it comes as microfine organic particles. Hence, it is not only absorbing UV radiation, but also scattering and reflecting it. The microfine organic particles are dispersed in the water phase, leading to a synergistic effect together with oil-soluble filters.Approved in 2000, disodium phenyl dibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate (DPDT; Neo Heliopan® AP) is a new water-soluble UVA filter. Similarly to TDSA and MBBT, it should show synergistic effects together with filters in the oil phase.Approved in 2000, BEMT (bemotrizinol; Tinosorb® S) is a photostable broad-spectrum filter that is oil-soluble. Similar to other photostable UV filters that have strong absorbance in UVA and UVB range, number and amount of other UV filters can be reduced in a given product that contains bemotrizinol.
Introduction to dermatological treatment
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
Absorbent sunscreens contain chemicals that absorb UV light: Those which protect the skin from UVB (290– 320 nm). They are useful in protecting against sunburn, preventing solar urticaria or polymorphic light eruption (see p. 71). Examples include: PABA esters, e.g. Padimate-O (octyldimethyl PABA) only give partial protection against UVB, but penetrate into the stratum corneum after ½ –2 hours, so are not easily removed by water.Cinnamates have tended to replace PABA esters but are a less effective screen, e.g. octinoxate (octyl methoxycinnamate), octocrylene, amiloxate (isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate).Salicylates are less effective but are water resistant and safe at higher concentrations, e.g. octisalate (octyl salicylate).Ensulizole (phenylbenzimidazole sulphonic acid) is water soluble so used in lighter less oily cosmetics for routine cosmetic use.Those which protect primarily against UVA (320–400 nm). These are needed for patients with porphyria, photosensitive eczema or photosensitivity due to drugs: Avobenzone (butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane) gives excellent protection in the whole of the UVA range, but only for about 30 minutes. It is usually combined with octocrylene or bemotrizinol to give long lasting protection.Those which protect against UVB and UVA up to 350 nm: Oxybenzone (benzophenone-3).Anthranilates, e.g. meradimate (methyl anthranilate).Bisoctrizole (methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol) is produced as microfine organic particles which will scatter as well as absorb UV light (not available in USA).Bemotrizinol (bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyltriazine) is highly photostable and helps prevent the photodegradation of other compounds especially avobenzone (not available in USA).
GC-MS metabolites profiling of anethole-rich oils by different extraction techniques: antioxidant, cytotoxicity and in-silico enzymes inhibitory insights
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Dina M. El-Kersh, Nada M. Mostafa, Shaimaa Fayez, Tarfah Al-Warhi, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Mohamed A. Salem
The chemical diversity of the oil samples from anise and star anise was also underlined by coloured bands exhibited by the heatmap shown in Figure 4. Heat maps are commonly used as a non-supervised visualisation tool, where the relative intensities of metabolites are represented with colour intensity through a scale. Bands with red colour show an increase in the relative abundance of metabolites and vice versa for blue bands. Heatmap clustering confirmed the results of the HCA analysis. The content of foeniculin, p-anisaldehyde, cis-anethole, cis-caryophyllene, trans-α-bergamotene and bemotrizinol led to the segregation of star anise oil prepared by solvent extraction. Thellungianin G, triacontane, heptacosane, nonacosane and verimol H contributed to anise oil prepared by solvent extraction.
Prospects of topical protection from ultraviolet radiation exposure: a critical review on the juxtaposition of the benefits and risks involved with the use of chemoprotective agents
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Nilutpal Sharma Bora, Bhaskar Mazumder, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
Benzophenones possess good broad-spectrum UVB and UVA protection range. They are intensely photolabile and can undergo oxidation which can interfere with the antioxidant system. Out of the three FDA-approved benzophenones; namely oxybenzone, sulisobenzone, and dioxybenzone, oxybenzone is most commonly used, but also has the highest incidence of photoallergic contact dermatitis (64). Meradimate is another benzophenone which used in conjugation with other agents to enhance UVA protection (67). Avobenzone (butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane) is a potent UVA filter and was the first FDA approved organic agent which is able to effectively filter UVA (340–400 nm). However, avobenzone is highly photolabile; and loses 50–60% of its potency within 1 h of sun exposure (68,69). Avobenzone also affects the stability of other active sunscreen ingredients, like octocrylene and bemotrizinol and much research has been done to stabilize formulations containg these ingredients (70–72).