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Infectious disease
Published in Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan, Essential Notes for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2021
Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan
MANAGEMENT Treatment of pulmonary TB is with four drugs (rifampicin and isoniazid for six months, with ethambutol and pyrazinamide for the first two months only). Pyridoxine is also given. There are cases, however, of multidrug-resistant TB. BCG vaccination offers protection against extra pulmonary (including CNS) TB.
Unsolved Problems Hindering Progress in Leprosy Control
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
The experience with BCG vaccination in tuberculosis is striking. The variation in protective effect ranges from 80% against development of the disease to no detectable protection in different populations.2 It will obviously be a matter of the greatest importance whether the same is the case in leprosy.
Infection and immunology
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
5.10. The proper interpretation of a positive reaction to a tuberculin (Mantoux) test in a 9-year-old child is that the patient issuffering from active tuberculosis.immune to invasion by the tubercle bacillus.susceptible to invasion by the tubercle bacillus.in need of BCG vaccination.sensitive to tuberculo-protein.
Tuberculosis vaccine BCG: the magical effect of the old vaccine in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Ashok Aspatwar, Wenping Gong, Shuyong Wang, Xueqiong Wu, Seppo Parkkila
In a retrospective cross-sectional study, relationship between BCG vaccination status and severity of COVID-19 pneumonia and the factors affecting disease severity were investigated. The small study cohort involved 123 adults visiting a state hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. The results suggested that the BCG vaccination was not associated with the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia [89]. An analogous conclusion was drawn based on a much larger study cohort involving 2 044 848 individuals from Sweden [86]. The analysis was carried out to estimate the effect of BCG without the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. The authors concluded that their study provided a strong evidence that receiving the BCG vaccine at neonatal age did not provide any protective effect against COVID-19 among middle-aged individuals [86]. It was also suggested that the effect of recent BCG vaccination must be evaluated.
The immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the potential antibody based treatments and vaccination strategies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Zahra Payandeh, Niloufar Mohammadkhani, Mohsen Nabi Afjadi, Saeed Khalili, Masoumeh Rajabibazl, Zahra Houjaghani, Masoomeh Dadkhah
The live-attenuated vaccines for viral pathogens, as the most studied antiviral strategy, needs high biosafety level due to its extremely high contagious nature, community transmission ability, and risk of disease reversion. The live-attenuated vaccines for viral pathogens are the most studied antiviral strategy. The Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine prevents severe tuberculosis forms in infancy via innate immune epigenetic mechanisms [101]. In a clinical trial in Indonesia, the BCG vaccine was monthly given for 3 months. The vaccine potentially reduced the spread of acute upper respiratory infections among individuals up to 65 years [102]. In another clinical trial among Native Americans, the BCG vaccination in childhood protects individuals up to 60 years from tuberculosis. These evidences suggest that the BCG vaccine might be a therapeutic/preventive strategy for severe COVID-19 disease [103].
Health economic evaluation of current vaccination strategies and new vaccines against tuberculosis: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Afifah Machlaurin, Simon van der Pol, Didik Setiawan, Tjip S. van der Werf, Maarten J Postma
In recent years, BCG vaccination practices in various countries have changed in response to the declining incidence of TB [10]. According to a survey conducted in 2015, almost half of all European countries had changed their vaccination policies during the preceding decade [11]. For high-incidence countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) still recommends vaccinating all children at an early age (a universal strategy). Low-incidence countries may decide to vaccinate only high-risk populations, which consist predominantly of infants of immigrant parents originally from high-incidence countries (a selective strategy) [12]. In the United States, BCG vaccination is administered selectively to people who meet the criteria based on an expert TB examination, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [13]. If the resources available for the healthcare program are constrained, public health decisions concerning BCG vaccination policies should be based on both clinical outcomes and a health-economic evaluation.