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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Vibrotactile thresholds were measured among 68 male pesticide applicators in New York State (most 50 years of age) and 68 referents matched for age, sex, and county of residence.373 Azinphos-methyl was the most commonly used insecticide. Poorer vibrotactile acuity of the fingers and toes was observed among the applicators.
Neurotoxicity of Pesticides
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Matthew C. Keifer, Jordan Firestone
The organophosphates include parathion, methamidiphos, azinphos methyl, chlorpyrifos, and phosdrin. These chemicals bind to the cholinesterase enzyme, which can become irreversibly inactivated as an "aged" enzyme-pesticide covalent complex. This aging process can be prevented through competition with the oxime compounds, such as pralidoxime if given early in the intoxication. Because the N-methyl-carbamates, such as aldicarb, carbaryl, and methomyl, bind reversibly to the cholinesterase enzyme, aging does not occur, and chronic neurological effects are less common. For this reason the toxic effects of the N-methyl-carbamates are most evident while elevated le vel s of active pesticides are present.
Prevention of poisoning
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Other drugs and chemicals are metabolized to more active or toxic substances; hence, in the presence of an inducer, the toxicity of these substances is increased. The pesticide azinphos-methyl (Guthion) is not active as a cholinesterase inhibitor until it is metabolized in the body to the active substance. In the presence of induced liver enzymes, Guthion is more toxic. The hepatic toxicity of acetaminophen depends on its metabolism to toxic products. Thus, in the presence of induced liver enzymes, toxicity can occur at lower doses of acetaminophen. Since most environmental carcinogens enter the body as procarcinogens, the possibility exists that in the presence of induced metabolizing enzymes a greater fraction of such procarcinogens will be converted to carcinogens, increasing the carcinogenicity.
Changes of attention-related brain activity over 6 months after acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning: a prospective follow-up study
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Tharaka L. Dassanayake, Vajira S. Weerasinghe, Indika B. Gawarammana, Nicholas A. Buckley
Of the 203 participants in the OP group, 76 (37.4%) ingested profenofos, 19 (9.4%) phenthoate, 19 (9.4%) chlorpyrifos, 10 (4.9%) diazinon, 9 (4.4%) fenthion, 9 (4.4%) quinalphos, and 1 (0.5%) ingested azinphos methyl. The specific OP formulation could not be confirmed in 60 (29.6%) cases. With regards to the acute cholinergic features 117 (57.6%) participants in the OP group had miosis, 84 (41.4%) respiratory changes/crepitations, 64 (31.5%) impaired consciousness, 47 (23.2%) excessive sweating/secretions, 45 (22.2%) fasciculations and 32 (15.8%) had bradycardia. RBC-AChE levels were missing in 2 OP group patients. Of the remaining 201, 182 had RBC-AChE levels below 10 Units/g Hb, and 128 (63.1%) had complete RBC-AChE inhibition (0 Units/g Hb). Nineteen patients had RBC-AChE levels of 10 Units/g Hb or above, but all of them had two or more cholinergic signs of intoxication. While being hospitalized, 67 (33.0%) in the OP group were intubated due to respiratory failure or impending respiratory failure, 12 (5.9%) had developed hypotension and 4 (2.0%) had seizures. One-hundred and eighty-eight (92.8%) received atropine, and 27 (13.3%) received pralidoxime during their hospital stay.
Characterization of organophosphate pesticides in urine and home environment dust in an agricultural community
Published in Biomarkers, 2018
Catherine M. Tamaro, Marissa N. Smith, Tomomi Workman, William C. Griffith, Beti Thompson, Elaine M. Faustman
\Organophosphate insecticides (OPs) have been applied seasonally to apple and pear (pome fruit) orchards in the Valley and elsewhere in Washington state in order to control damaging insects such as Cydia pomenella, the codling moth (United States Department of Agriculture Washington Field Office 2006, United States Department of Agriculture 2006a). In 2005, approved agricultural uses led to the application in the Valley of approximately 86 metric tons of azinphos-methyl (AZM; trade name Guthion; Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) No. 86-50-0), 66 metric tons of chlorpyrifos (CP; trade name Dursban; CAS No. 2921-88-2), 39 metric tons of phosmet (PH; trade name Imidan; CAS No. 732-11-6), 5 metric tons of malathion (ML; CAS No. 121-75-5) and 1 metric ton of diazinon (DZ; CAS No. 333-41-5) (Stone 2013, Thelin and Stone 2013) (Table 1).
Differences between organophosphates in respiratory failure and lethality with poisoning post the 2011 bans in Sri Lanka
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Chanika Alahakoon, Tharaka L. Dassanayake, Indika B. Gawarammana, Vajira S. Weerasinghe, Nicholas A. Buckley
From 1st of March 2013 to 30th of September 2016, 540 patients were admitted to the Toxicology Unit with OP self-poisoning. The OP compound ingested by 369 patients was identified: 138 had ingested profenofos, 106 chlorpyrifos, 48 diazinon, 37 phenthoate, 16 quinalphos, 6 azinphos-methyl, 4 malathion, 4 dimethoate, 4 methamidophos, 2 monocrotophos, 2 tetrachlorvinphos, 1 carbophenothion, and 1 acephate. The other patients were categorized as “unknown OP” (n = 171) based on clinical features and persistent depression of RBC-AChE.