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Use of Essential Oils in Agriculture
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Catherine Regnault-Roger, Susanne Hemetsberger, Gerhard Buchbauer
Terpenoids are major constituents of EOs and, to a lesser amount, phenylpropanoids. EO constituents belonging to terpenoids are mainly monoterpenes (ten atoms of carbon) and sesquiterpenes (15 atoms of carbon) of low molecular weight. They generally consist of several tens of constituents, of which the great majority possess an isoprenoid skeleton. Monoterpenes present in EOs may contain terpenes that are hydrocarbons (alpha-pinene), alcohols (menthol, geraniol, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, p-menthane-3,8-diol), aldehydes (cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde), ketones (thujone), ethers (1,8-cineole or eucalyptol), and lactones (nepetalactone). As the elongation of the chain to 15 carbons increases the number of possible cyclizations, sesquiterpenes have a wide variety of structures (over 100 skeletons). Aromatic compounds are less common and are derived mainly from the shikimate pathway. Some compounds identified in EOs result from the degradation of fatty acids (jasmonic acid) or are glycosylated volatile compounds (e.g., linalool glucoside) (Regnault-Roger et al., 2012a,b).
Antihypertensive effects of oriental drugs in human and SHR
Published in H. Saito, Y. Yamori, M. Minami, S.H. Parvez, New Advances in SHR Research –, 2020
Hideaki Higashino, Aritomo Suzuki, Koichiro Komai
P.e.: A characteristic absorption peak at 265 nm in the UV spectrum indicated the presence of a conjugated dienamide moiety and/or aromatic compounds. The IR spectrum showed the absorption bands by the -OH (3,300 cm-1) group. The all data combined with TLC analysis suggested that hypotensive fraction of P.e. would be aromatic compounds such as tannin, phenolic acids and flavonoids.
Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Safety Issues of Essential Oils: Applications in Aromatherapy
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Anindya Sundar Ray, Suman Kalyan Mandal, Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman
Several studies have so far been executed by the scientists to establish the antimicrobial properties of EOs. In some pioneering studies, mode of action of few volatile molecules has been explained in detail, but a large number of such aromatic compounds remains unexplored concerning their mechanism of action. Knowledge regarding the mechanism of action of the volatile antimicrobial compounds is very crucial to understand the magnitude of effectiveness on various kinds of microorganisms, their working principle when combined with other antimicrobial compounds, and their interaction with the components of food matrix. Many antimicrobial activities have been exhibited by the EOs (Figure 3.2).
Phytochemical and biological activities of some Iranian medicinal plants
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Salome Dini, Qihe Chen, Faezeh Fatemi, Younes Asri
In spite of modern medicine development, medicinal plants still play an important role in Iran as curatives for various health problems (Akbarzadeh et al. 2015; Buso et al. 2020). Iran with different climatic and geographical zones is a habitat to at least 2300 species having aromatic and medicinal properties, wherein 7.9% are endemic (Owfi and Safaian 2017; Sheibani et al. 2018; Karim et al. 2020). Almost all parts of these plants (e.g., leaves, flowers, stems, seeds, fruits and roots) (Najafi et al. 2010; Hariri et al. 2018) produce essential oils as secondary metabolites for varied purposes; plant defence against pests or pathogens, pollinator attraction and seed dispersers (Dhifi et al. 2016). Currently, essential oils are in high demand in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, sanitary and food industries, as well as agriculture due to flavour, fragrances and versatile biological properties like antimicrobial, anticancer and antioxidant (Kumar et al. 2018). These characteristics are accredited to the presence of a complex mixture of aromatic compounds; terpenes, phenolic and phenylpropanoid compounds (Bakkali et al. 2008; Dhifi et al. 2016).
Novel amides of mycophenolic acid and some heterocyclic derivatives as immunosuppressive agents
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Juliusz Maksymilian Walczak, Dorota Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ, Michalina Ziomkowska, Magdalena Śliwka-Kaszyńska, Mateusz Daśko, Piotr Trzonkowski, Grzegorz Cholewiński
MPA as a fully substituted aromatic compound possesses no protons in the aromatic region. This fact simplifies amides’ 1H NMR spectrum analyses since newly incorporated moieties contribute aromatic and amide protons solely. All spectra are determined by the deshielded amide proton and phenolic one as well as recently introduced aromatic species. Remaining signals represent MPA structure and are sometimes shifted due to magnetic environment modifications. Some lapping may occur as implemented amines bear functional groups or spacers appearing in the same 1H NMR regions as MPA structural units. 13C NMR spectra are also characterised by MPA core and added value in the shape of newly introduced carbon atoms. Some dissimilarities in the nucleus characteristics may occur (especially in the case of amide group carbon) as well as for amine-based units. The latter one is represented by deshielded C(2) heteroaromatic carbon and C(3a)/C(7a) positions. Remaining loci differ with heteroatom electronegativity and substituent character, sometimes precluding precise carbon atoms assignment. Some 1H and 13C NMR spectra show long and short distance spin decoupling brought by fluorine atoms, namely in A11 and A14 cases. More detailed information about the character of heteroaromatic interactions within 13C NMR spectroscopy may be found in the literature38,39.
Identification of structural fingerprints for in vivo toxicity by using Monte Carlo based QSTR modeling of nitroaromatics
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Dipayan Mondal, Kalyan Ghosh, Anurag T. K. Baidya, Anindita Mondal Gantait, Shovanlal Gayen
Nitro-aromatic compounds are very useful in many industries like dye, plastic, insecticides as well as pharmaceuticals. Thus, it is necessary to understand its structural fingerprints modulating the toxicity so that the design of more toxic nitroaromatics can be prevented. In this study, 15 statistically validated both classification and regression-based QSTR models based on Monte Carlo optimization were developed on the dataset of 90 nitroaromatic compounds. Various structural fingerprints were generated from both classification and regression-based models (Table 5). The important fingerprints were validated and interpreted with structure–toxicity relationships of this type of compounds. A consensus model of higher predictive ability by taking weighted average of seven individual regression models was also generated and can be used for prediction of toxicity of new nitro aromatic compounds in future.