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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Aroma compounds or odorants are volatile chemical compounds and primarily perceived with the nose, while taste receptors exist in the mouth and are impacted when the food is chewed (20–21). Taste is mainly composed of five primary sensations: sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, and umami. Umami, a Japanese name, is a savory taste associated with salts of amino acids (glutamates) and nucleotides (20). More than 700 flavor chemicals have been identified and catalogued (21).
Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Safety Issues of Essential Oils: Applications in Aromatherapy
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Anindya Sundar Ray, Suman Kalyan Mandal, Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman
Various types of malignancies like, glioma, colon cancer, gastric cancer, human liver tumor, pulmonary tumor, breast cancer, and leukemia are reported to be lowered after treatment with biocomponents of EOs extracted from plant sources [19]. Therefore, aroma compounds can be opted as preventive and therapeutic agents in cancer therapy [45, 63, 79].
Therapeutic Medicinal Mushroom (Ganoderma Lucidum): A Review of Bioactive Compounds and their Applications
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Plant- and Marine-Based Phytochemicals for Human Health, 2018
Chen et al. (2010) using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GCMS) enabled detection of fifty-eight volatile compounds in G. lucidum mycelium. The main volatile flavor compounds included 1-octen-3-ol, ethanol, hexanal, 1-hexanol, sesquirosefuran, 3-octanol, and 3-octanone.23 Similar chromatographic technology (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to detect volatile aroma compounds in G. lucidum from Turkey. They detected acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, L-Alanine, D-Alanine, 3-Methyl, 2-Butanamine, 2-Propanamine, and identified 1-Octen-3-ol and 3-Methyl butanal as the major aroma compounds.151 C-19 fatty acids were also detected in the ethanolic extract of G. lucidum spores by Gao and coworkers.35 During their research, 2-naphthyl esters of nonadecanoic and cis-9-nonadecenoic acids isolated by multiple column chromatography and preparative HPLC and characterized by 1Hand 13C-NMR and MS spectral data from the G. lucidum spores were identified as the bioactive constituents responsible for the antitumor activity.35
Conflicting actions of 4-vinylcatechol in rat lymphocytes under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Takumi Kishida, Yurie Funakoshi, Yuya Fukuyama, Sari Honda, Toshiya Masuda, Yasuo Oyama
4-Vinylcatechol (4VC) was first identified as a component in an organic solvent extract of roasted coffee beans (Prescott et al.1937). It has been identified as an aroma compound in roasted foods, especially coffee (Jiang and Peterson 2010). 4VC, which is produced from caffeic acid and its derivatives during the roasting process, is an intermediate to other bitter compounds found in coffee (Frank et al.2007). The high reactivity of 4VC has attracted the attention of scientists because it stabilizes the red color of wine in a condensation reaction with anthocyanin (Schwarz et al.2003). Furthermore, 4VC is a component in traditional herbal medicines, such as the extracts of Barleria lupulina and Morinda citrifolia (Senger and Cao 2016). This compound may be subconsciously ingested through foods and herbs. A recent study showed that 4VC possesses an antioxidant activity (Senger and Cao 2016) and hastens the rate of diabetic wound healing (Long et al.2016). The efficacy of 4VC as an antioxidant preservative has been proven also in edible oil models (Jia et al.2015). However, the antioxidant properties and/or cytoprotective properties of 4VC in mammalian cells under oxidative stress are not well characterized. In this study, some characteristics of the actions of 4VC were examined on rat thymic lymphocytes under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using flow cytometric techniques with the appropriate fluorescent probes. The results revealed the cytoprotective actions of 4VC, as well as some adverse actions, on the cells simultaneously incubated with H2O2. Such information is very crucial for drug safety when 4VC is used clinically.
The natural plant compound carvacrol as an antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent: mechanisms, synergies and bio-inspired anti-infective materials
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Anna Marchese, Carla Renata Arciola, Erika Coppo, Ramona Barbieri, Davide Barreca, Salima Chebaibi, Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez, Seyed Fazel Nabavi, Seyed Mohammad Nabavi, Maria Daglia
Ben Arfa et al. (2006) showed that, in addition to the hydrophobic characteristic favouring the compound accumulation in the membrane, the free hydroxyl function is essential for the antibacterial effect of CAR. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of selected aroma compounds such as CAR, eugenol (EUG) and menthol and two synthesized CAR derivative molecules, carvacrol methyl ether and carvacryl acetate, against bacteria (E. coli, P. fluorescens, S. aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis) and fungi (S. cerevisiae and B. cinerea). CAR turned out to be the most efficient compound, followed by EUG and menthol. CAR derivative molecules were unable to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. As previously reported by Lanciotti et al. (2003), the mechanism of action of aroma compounds against bacteria was related to its hydrophobicity, which was correlated to the logP (partitioning behaviour of the lipophilic compounds in octanol/water) and their partition in the cytoplasmic microbial membranes. Accordingly, CAR (logP 3.52) was the most active compound; carvacrol methyl ether (logP 4.08), as previously reported by Ultee et al. (2002), and carvacryl acetate (logP 3.59) did not show any antibacterial activity. The main difference between CAR and the derivative molecules was the binding of the hydroxyl group. As hypothesized by Ultee et al. (2002), the presence of a system of delocalized electrons is important for the antimicrobial effect of CAR. The system of delocalized electrons allows the compound to act as proton exchanger reducing the gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane with a consequent collapse of the proton motive force. Ben Arfa et al. (2006) confirmed that in addition to the hydrophobicity of CAR, the hydroxyl group is able to exchange its proton thanks to the presence of a delocalized electron system.