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Oral Nutritional Supplements and Appetite Stimulation Therapy
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
The olfactory system encompasses the nasal passages, olfactory bulb, olfactory neuroepithelium and receptor cells (see Figure 16.4). Olfactory signals are then transmitted to the piriform cortex, amygdaloid, hippocampus and thalamus (see Figure 16.5).
Essential Oils: Clinical Perspectives And Uses
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Jugreet Bibi Sharmeen, Mahomoodally Mohamad Fawzi
Besides these laboratory-based experiments, several pre-clinical and clinical studies have been undertaken to evaluate the medicinal benefits of these natural compounds on human health. For instance, aromatherapy, the use of pure EOs from aromatic plants to help alleviate health issues and improve the quality of life in general (Buckle, 2007), has demonstrated varied clinical applications. Several research conducted in this direction have shown EOs used in aromatherapy, where they are mainly absorbed via the skin or olfactory system, to be efficient as a non-pharmacological therapy or an adjunct along with conventional drug therapies, thus improving the treatment given to patients, especially those suffering from debilitating illnesses (Buckle, 1999; Martinec, 2012; Knoerr, 2018; Ganji et al., 2019). In fact, studies have also shown EOs to be useful in managing symptoms in critically ill patients (Halm, 2008).
Effects of Essential Oils on Human Cognition
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
When evaluating psychoactive effects of EOs and fragrances on human cognitive functions, the results should be interpreted just as cautiously as those of electrophysiological studies, as similar confounding factors, ranging from influences of stimulus-related features (e.g., pleasantness) to expectation of fragrance effects and even personality traits, may be influencing the observed outcome. In regard to higher cognitive functioning, such as language or emotional processing, conscious as opposed to sub- or unconscious processing of odor information seems to differentially affect performance due to differences in the utilization of shared neuronal resources. Even seemingly small variations in experimental setup—for example, the timing of stimulus presentation or stimulus duration—appear to have significant impact on the observed results. Thus, it seems worthwhile to measure additional parameters which are indicative of (subjective) stimulus information processing and emotional arousal if hypotheses are being built on direct (pharmacological) and cognitively mediated (psychological) odor effects on human behavior. Moreover, comparison of different forms of application that involve or exclude stimulation of the olfactory system, such as inhalative vs. non-inhalative (e.g., dermal or oral), administration have proved useful in the distinction of pharmacological from psychological mechanisms. Eventually, sophisticated techniques and elaborated designs will serve to enlarge our understanding of psychoactive effects of EOs and fragrances in humans.
Olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: insights into the underlying mechanisms and treatments
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Jing Song, Ming Wang, Chengshuo Wang, Luo Zhang
The olfactory system consists of peripheral olfactory mucosa and central olfactory bulb that connects with the olfactory cortex [21]. OE is the surface layer of the olfactory mucosa, which is located in the upper nasal cavity and responsible for initiating olfactory sensations. Human OE covers approximately 5 cm2 of the nasal mucosa at the posterior upper parts of the lateral nasal wall, and overlies the superior nasal septum, the cribriform plate, and the superior aspect of the superior turbinate [22,23]. As a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, it is comprised mainly of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), basal cells, sustentacular cells (SUSs), Bowman’s glands, and microvillous cells [24]. The propria lamina underlying the OE is a thin layer of connective tissue composed of blood vessels, glands, native immune cells, collagen, and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) [21].
High prevalence of olfactory dysfunction detected in treatment-naive patients with head and neck cancer
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
José Lucas Barbosa da Silva, Lucas Kanieski Anzolin, Samuel Pissinati Nicacio, Richard L. Doty, Fábio de Rezende Pinna, Richard Louis Voegels, Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
Several factors may cause or underlie the influences of HNC on the olfactory system. One basis of the olfactory loss of cancer patients, in general, could be related to significant weight loss. Such loss was present in 12.9% of our HNC patients. However, despite evidence that olfactory impairment can be associated with the weight loss of anorexic patients, such an association is not always found [18]. In one study of such psychiatric patients, UPSIT scores were equivalent to those of non-anorexic healthy individuals [9]. Since 74% of our HNC patient sample had olfactory but not weight loss. If weight loss is involved, its impact is likely limited. A more cogent hypothesis is that cancers themselves can produce substances that influence olfactory transduction and are potentially toxic to smell system elements. Among such agents are volatile organic compounds (polyamines) that have been identified by sniffer dogs, mice, and, in some cases, ‘electronic noses’ [10,19,20]. These molecules may act as antagonists to some volatile molecules at the level of the olfactory receptors, damage such receptors, and interact with transduction mechanisms throughout the olfactory system pathway.
The coronavirus disease 2019: the prevalence, prognosis, and recovery from olfactory dysfunction (OD)
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Seyed Hadi Samimi Ardestani, Mojtaba Mohammadi Ardehali, Mahtab Rabbani Anari, Benyamin Rahmaty, Reza Erfanian, Maryam Akbari, Zohre Motedayen, Fahimeh Samimi Niya, Radmehr Aminloo, Farbod Farahbakhsh, Ali Hosseininasab, Babak Hassanlouei, Naime Rezaian, Zahra Mokhtari
In the current study, platelet count was the most important predictor for recovery from OD even more prominent than the number of days to presentation to referral centres. As mentioned above, some coronavirus particles may influence and infect the endothelial cells by ACE2 receptors. This endothelium, especially in the small vessels, with slower blood flow, may lead to thrombosis into the microcirculation of the olfactory system. This mechanism may lead to thrombus formation as reported by Xin Zhou et al. [20]. Consequently, patients who have lower platelet count may have a lower degree of thrombosis into the vessels of the olfactory system. Therefore, antiplatelet medications as a prophylactic agent for OD due to COVID-19 might be helpful for its inhibitory consequences on platelet activation in those who have a higher count of platelets.