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Role of Transport in Chemically-Induced Nephrotoxicity *
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
The mechanisms of organic anion transport have been clarified considerably by the work of Ross and colleagues (e.g., Kasher et al., 1983) and Pritchard (1987, a review). These and other studies have led to the realization that an important aspect of organic anion transport is an anion dicarboxylate exchange process which is driven by a sodium gradient-dependent process. Whether or not this drives anion transport directly (e.g., sodium-driven PAH movement) or indirectly (e.g., sodium-driven dicarboxylate which ultimately results in anion exchange with PAH) is still debated. In any event, the sodium requirement for organic anion transport is not disputed and is fundamental to this system. Whatever the details of anion (PAH) transport within the proximal tubule, it appears certain that NAc conjugates are transported by the same process.
Distribution
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Further improvement of the RNA phage monitoring was succeeded by the introduction of a novel concentration technique for their enumeration from 10-liter volumes of ambient surface waters such as lake, river, and marine and river water with varying turbidities (McMinn et al. 2017b). An anion-exchange resin was employed for the FRNA phage concentration in diverse water types (Chandler et al. 2017a). Application of the anion-exchange resin was elucidated before with the phages MS2, Qβ, and GA as models (Pérez-Méndez et al. 2014). An extensive review of the concentration techniques was published recently by Dincau et al. (2017).
Separation Of The Bound And Unbound Forms Of The Radioactivity
Published in Erwin Regoeczi, Iodine-Labeled Plasma Proteins, 2019
A detailed discussion of the reasons of anion-exchange resin selectivity is beyond the scope of this book. It is enough to note here that several factors seem to be involved apart from electrostatic forces. One of these is the polarizability of the anion in the field of the resin cation.12 Chu et al.13 emphasize the importance of ion solvation; according to them, there is a tendency of large univalent ions to be forced out of a dilute solution and into the resin phase because of their small degree of hydration and considerable water-structure- breaking character.
Isolation, characterisation and complement fixation activity of acidic polysaccharides from Argemone mexicana used as antimalarials in Mali
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Adama Dénou, Adiaratou Togola, Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen, Nastaran Moussavi, Frode Rise, Yuan Feng Zou, Dalen G. Dafam, Elijah I. Nep, Abubakar Ahmed, Taiwo E. Alemika, Drissa Diallo, Rokia Sanogo, Berit Smestad Paulsen
The dialysed high molecular weight fraction from Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) was applied to an anion exchange column (XK50) packed with ANX Sepharose™ 4 Fast Flow (high sub) (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The neutral fractions were eluted with distilled water at (1 mL/min), while the acidic fractions were eluted with a linear NaCl gradient in water (0–1.56 M) at 2 mL/min. The carbohydrate elution profiles were monitored using the phenol-sulphuric acid method (DuBois et al. 1956). The related fractions were pooled, dialysed at cut-off 3500 Da against distilled water for removal of NaCl, and lyophilised prior to characterisation. For quality assurance issues these polymers were subjected to a safety evaluation in Drosophila melanogaster as previously described (Dénou et al. 2020b).
A cost-effectiveness analysis of patiromer for the treatment of hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease patients with and without heart failure in Spain
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
José Ramón González-Juanatey, Álvaro González-Franco, Patricia de Sequera, Marta Valls, Antonio Ramirez de Arellano, Elisenda Pomares, Diana Nieves
Over the past decades, ion exchange resins have been the most commonly used treatment to address HK, but they are associated with several drawbacks, such as safety-related contraindications due to serious gastrointestinal adverse events, risk of hypokalaemia, poor tolerability that can lead to low adherence to treatment, etc.5–7. Recent Spanish real-world data reported that only 36.8% of the patients were adherent to the treatment in the first year and 17.5% in the third year7. Patiromer is a sodium-free, cation exchange polymer that is not absorbed and is able to bind free potassium in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing its absorption6. In the OPAL-HK study, patiromer demonstrated the reduction of serum potassium levels and prevent the recurrence of HK; and, consequently, patiromer allowed to maintain RAASi optimal doses8. Patiromer has significantly changed the management of CKD by offering a solution for the maintenance of normokalemia in patients treated with RAASi.
Suitability of transiently expressed antibodies for clinical studies: product quality consistency at different production scales
Published in mAbs, 2022
Sara Rodriguez-Conde, Sophie Inman, Viv Lindo, Leanne Amery, Alison Tang, Uche Okorji-Obike, Wenjuan Du, Berend-Jan Bosch, Paul J. Wichgers Schreur, Jeroen Kortekaas, Isabel Sola, Luis Enjuanes, Laura Kerry, Katharina Mahal, Martyn Hulley, Olalekan Daramola
Antibodies in cell culture supernatants were quantified by protein A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an Agilent 1200 HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Cheshire UK) by comparing eluate peak size from each sample with a calibration curve. Larger volumes of cell culture were clarified with a Millistak+ D0HC and X0HC (Millipore, Watford) depth filter train. Clarified material was loaded on a PrismA (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire) Protein A affinity column equilibrated in 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, the columns were washed with 50 mM Tris pH 7.4 followed by 50 mM Tris, 50 mM sodium caprylate pH 9.0 and 50 mM Tris pH 7.4. The proteins were eluted with 25 mM sodium acetate pH 3.6. The Protein A chromatography product was adjusted to pH 2.5 and held for 30 min before being neutralized to pH 7.4. The neutralized product was further purified using a Mustang Q (Pall, Portsmouth) anion exchange membrane chromatography column operated in flow-through mode. The anion exchange product was then buffer exchanged into the proprietary final formulation using tangential flow filtration using a Pellicon XL ultracel membrane (Millipore, Watford).