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Role of Aloe vera in Irritable Bowel Disease
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Dilipkumar Pal, Souvik Mukherjee
It is used for a broad spectrum of traditional medicine purposes world-wide.60,101–104 It is used as a curative, laxative, and purgative agents28,39–41; for the recuperating47,56–59,61 of various skin confusion, mouth defilements, wounds; and is consumed as disinfectant and cell duplication possession.3,42 For example, Indian Ayurvedic medicine recommends the use of leaves and defecates of Aloe vera as an anthelmintic48 and cathartic agent30,43; and for the treatment of stomach and digestive complaints.27 This plant is also used in old Chinese medicinal system for analogous actions18,44,45; and in Central America and Caribbean Islands.62,63 Today, this plant been incorporated into modern Western complementary and alternative medicine systems.19 It is also commonly utilized for the treatment of sunburn and when absorbed orally, it serves a routine analeptic.6,46 Other medicinal activities include rheumatic (RHT) and joint inflammation (IFL) and gout; and cancer and hyperglycemic conditions.12,105–108
Amphetamines and Related Stimulants: Some Introductory Remarks
Published in John Caldwell, S. Joseph Mulé, Amphetamines and Related Stimulants: Chemical, Biological, Clinical, and Sociological Aspects, 2019
The first studies on the pharmacological actions of amphetamine appear to be those of Piness et al.7 which established that it was a long-acting pressor agent, with bronchodilator properties. It was an analeptic, able to reverse barbiturate anesthesia. Strangely, its CNS stimulant action was not reported until 1933,8 and this was very rapidly followed by the first accounts of its abuse.
Sympathomimetics
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Amphetamine and derivatives have powerful CNS stimulant actions (analeptic) in addition to sympathetic stimulation. Thus, the toxicity is an extension of the pharmacological properties. Table 15.2 summarizes the desirable and undesirable effects of the sympathomimetics as well as the treatment associated with the toxicity. The therapeutic uses follow the indications outlined previously, while the euphoric effects are the major reasons for psychological and physiological dependence. The psychic properties vary according to the mental state of the individual and the dose. An oral dose of 5 mg of dextroamphetamine sulfate results in a desirable feeling of alertness, wakefulness, mood elevation, and improved self-confidence, which induces a sense of well-being and euphoria. Prolonged use or overdose is invariably followed by depression and fatigue (the crash). Treatment modalities include clinical management of signs and symptoms, especially regulating cardiovascular effects, and therapeutic intervention for the toxic psychosis syndrome. Although acidification of urine enhances the renal elimination of amphetamines, it may worsen renal failure by exacerbating the effects of profound hyperthermia.
In vitro investigating of anticancer activity of new 7-MEOTA-tacrine heterodimers
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Jana Janockova, Jan Korabecny, Jana Plsikova, Katerina Babkova, Eva Konkolova, Dana Kucerova, Jana Vargova, Jan Koval, Rastislav Jendzelovsky, Peter Fedorocko, Jana Kasparkova, Viktor Brabec, Jan Rosocha, Ondrej Soukup, Slavka Hamulakova, Kamil Kuca, Maria Kozurkova
Tacrine (9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine, THA, Figure 1) was first described as an analeptic able to cause rapid arousal of morphinized dogs and cats1,2. Later, THA was found to be a potent cholinesterase inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, E.C. 3.1.1.8)3. Notably, a potential crosstalk between some types of cancer and modulation of AChE activity has been proposed. Accordingly, the inhibition of AChE affecting cholinergic signaling has been associated with some potential benefits in e.g. cancerous lung tissue4. The effect of THA has been well-described in neurological diseases5. Indeed, THA was licensed in USA and Canada as the first symptomatic treatment for cognitive symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease (the drug Cognex)6. Clinical use of THA was limited due to its side effects, mainly hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal symptoms7. The precise mechanism of hepatotoxicity still remains unclear8. Some researchers associate the THA-associated hepatotoxicity with oxidative bio-activation and the formation of chemically highly reactive metabolites9; however, the cell-killing effect is more probably mediated by membrane fluidity alterations10–12. Apart from that, mitochondrial dysfunction13 and necrosis of liver cells7 also emerged as other routes for THA toxicity.
In silico prediction of anticarcinogenic bioactivities of traditional anti-inflammatory plants used by tribal healers in Sathyamangalam wildlife Sanctuary, India
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Pavithra Chinnasamy, Rajendran Arumugam
In silico tools used for pre-screening of compound activities and direct the studies towards the prior designing of particular work. PASS is a well-known tool used in almost all pharmaceutical industries which based on structure–activity relationship's analysis [27]. About 23 compounds corresponding to 20 plant species were selected and interpreted in PASS database to obtain the prediction of bioactivity. The collected 20 anti-inflammatory species which also observed to be used in tumor treatment by tribal inhabitants were predicted by PASS and indicated the existence of antineoplastic activity in 18 reported plants. The compound aristolochic acid from Aristolochia bracteolate Lam. showed higher probabilities for the antiseptic (0.968/0.002), respiratory analeptic (0.828/0.007) and apoptosis agonist (0.821/0.007) in prediction (Table 4) but various studies shows that aristolochic acid can be used on many types of cancer, including bladder cancer it closely resembles with the statement of usage of Aristolochia bracteolate Lam. in urinary track cancer and inflammation activity [26]. From the present study area, it’s clearly evidenced that the usage of aristolochic acid contained plants as a medicine existed previously in Indian subcontinent [28].
Synthetic cathinones: an evolving class of new psychoactive substances
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
João L. Gonçalves, Vera L. Alves, Joselin Aguiar, Helena M. Teixeira, José S. Câmara
The first SCat emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century with the synthesis of methcathinone in 1928 (Hyde et al. 1928) and mephedrone in 1929 (Sanchez 1929). Although few SCat entered clinical trial for potential use as drugs, only bupropion (m-chloro-N-ter-butyl-cathinone) is currently used as a smoking cessation-aid, as well as to treat depression (Prosser and Nelson 2012; Abouchedid and Wood 2017). Other cathinone derivatives have been investigated, but were unsuccessful due to severe side effects (Wiegand 2012; Corazza and Roman-Urrestarazu 2018). Methcathinone, also known as ephedrone, was used in Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) as an antidepressant in the 1930s and 1940s, and a decade later the American pharmaceutical company Parke-Davis considered marketing this substance as an analeptic agent (Barceloux 2012; Sikk and Taba 2015). In 1957, a USA patent was granted on the production process, but due to its strong addictive potential, this drug never went into commercial medical production (L’Italien et al. 1957; Sikk and Taba 2015). Concerns about the abuse of methcathinone began to emerge in the former USSR, from the 1970s and subsequently in the USA in the early 1990s, where this drug was known by the street names of “Jeff,” “Mulka,” and “Cat” (Emerson and Cisek 1993). In 1994, the USA Government recommended the inclusion of methcathinone as a Schedule I controlled substance in the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances (Kelly 2011). This Convention establishes an international control system for psychotropic substances and Schedule I includes substances presenting a high risk of abuse, posing a particularly serious threat to public health, which are of very little or no therapeutic value (UN 1975; UNODC 2016).