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Perspectives of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) in a Pharmacotherapeutic Context
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Tomy Muringayil Joseph, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, P. Mereena Luke, Józef T. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas
Anacardic acid present in CNSL is the most prominent component responsible for pharmacological activities. It is commonly found in plants of the Anacardiaceae family and is a dietary component found in cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) leaves and fruits. The traditional Ayurveda depicts nutshell oil as a medicinal remedy for alexeritic, amebicidal, gingivitis, malaria, and syphilitic ulcers. Anacardic acid is found in a number of medicinal plants that have potential activity against cancer cell lines. However, the enduring research and emerging evidence suggests that anacardic acid could be a potent target molecule with bactericide, fungicide, insecticide, anti-termite, and molluscicide properties and as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of the most serious pathophysiological disorders like cancer, oxidative damage, inflammation, and obesity. Moreover, anacardic acid was found to be a common inhibitor of several clinically targeted enzymes such as NFκB kinase, histone acetyltransferase (HATs), lipoxygenase (LOX-1), xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase, and ureases. An interesting observation in this context is its ability to modulate NF-κB by acting on its upstream pathways. Because NF-κB is known to be a key player in the progression of human cancers and chronic inflammation, its suppression by anacardic acid indicates a putative potential molecular target of this compound. However, this requires a comprehensive inspection for establishing the scientific rationale for the use of anacardic acid as an anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent prior to its use as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of human malignancies. Potential of anacardic acids and their semi-synthetic derivatives for antibacterial, antitumor, and antioxidant activities have been reported. The use of anacardic acid as a starting material for the synthesis of diverse biologically active compounds and complexes as well as the natural anacardic acid from CNSL and their semi-synthetic derivatives as lead compounds were reported [25].
Nutrigenomics in Parkinson’s disease: diversity of modulatory actions of polyphenols on epigenetic effects induced by toxins
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Moara Rodrigues-Costa, Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes, Gabriela Carvalho Jurema-Santos, Lílian Vanessa da Penha Gonçalves, Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa
Anacardic acids (AAs) are polyphenols (hydroxybenzoic acids derived from salicylic acid) and abundant in the liquid from cashew nut shells. Chemically, anacardic acids are a mixture of saturated and unsaturated molecules. Each molecule consists of a salicylic acid substituted with an alkyl chain with 15 or 17 carbon atoms. They have been described for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.106 In studies performed in rodent models of rotenone-induced PD, the administration of AAs prevented or modified behavioral reactions and various cytotoxic effects caused by this pesticide, including oxidative stress and dopaminergic cell loss.107,108 These neuroprotective effects of AAs can also involve their potent HATs inhibitor activity.109 In vivo and in vitro models of PD induced by Dieldrin and Paraquat have demonstrated that treatment with AAs reduced dopamine cell loss through modulation of histone core hyperacetylation.56,61 More recently, it was demonstrated that co-treatment of L-DOPA with natural inhibitors of HATs, such as AAs and curcumin, significantly reduced 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonian dyskinesia in mice.15 Another study in PD models using PC12 cells also showed that pretreatment with AAs reduced neurotoxicity through a mechanism of HATs inhibition.14
In vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Anacardium occidentale L. extracts and their toxicity on PBMCs and zebrafish embryos
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Luana Souza Amorim, Pedro Everton Marques Goes, Rebeca Dantas Alves Figueiredo, Juliana Alves da Costa Ribeiro Souza, Josean Fechine Tavares, Lucio Roberto Cançado Castellano, Ricardo Dias de Castro, Davi Farias, Sabrina Garcia de Aquino
The anti-inflammatory action of A. occidentale has been investigated in different cell types. In the response to bacterial infections, ROS production is an important biological process in stimulated neutrophils and macrophages involved in the death of phagocytized microorganisms and in the production of other soluble inflammatory mediators (Dupré-Crochet et al. 2013). However, the exacerbated production of ROS and nitric oxide (NO) can promote cytotoxic activity and tissue damage. In this study, zymosan-induced ROS production in PMNs was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the presence of A. occidentale leaf or bark extract at all concentrations tested (1, 8, and 80 μg/mL). Anacardic acids have a higher oxidizing activity than other components (Kubo et al. 2006, Oliveira et al. 2019), and our 1H-NMR analysis suggests the presence of anacardic acid as the main compound of the bark extract. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, the A. occidentale leaf extract significantly reduced ROS production at concentrations of 2.5 mg/mL (Wattanathorn et al. 2019) and 0.5 and 5 μg/mL (Souza et al. 2017) as well as the production of reactive nitrogen species and the levels of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β (Souza et al. 2017). Thus, the proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action of A. occidentale on macrophages and neutrophils reinforces the hypothesis that A. occidentale extracts may have not only antimicrobial but also anti-inflammatory action in the context of periodontal disease, which deserves further investigation, including in in vivo models.